WRI Research Related to the Optimal Timing of Preventive Maintenance - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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WRI Research Related to the Optimal Timing of Preventive Maintenance - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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WRI Research Related to the Optimal Timing of Preventive Maintenance for Addressing Environmental Aging Kickoff Meeting Fred Turner Western Research Institute MnROAD Research Facility July 23, 2008 Relevant Research Contracts Fundamental

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WRI Research Related to the Optimal Timing of Preventive Maintenance for Addressing Environmental Aging

Kickoff Meeting Fred Turner Western Research Institute

MnROAD Research Facility

July 23, 2008

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Relevant Research Contracts

Fundamental Properties of Asphalts and Modified Asphalts III, Federal Highway Administration Asphalt Surface Aging Prediction (ASAP) System, Research and Innovative Technology Administration

  • Asphalt Research Consortium, Federal Highway

Administration (Aging element, F1c, being conducted by TAMU)

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FPIII Aging Research

  • Study aging in laboratory and field conditions
  • Develop testing methods for analyzing aging
  • Compare results with the Global Aging System as

implemented in the MEPDG

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Techniques Developed

  • Micro extraction with FTIR analysis
  • Photoacoustic FTIR for surface analyses
  • Small scale DSR methodology for full range

modulus and relaxation rheology (in progress)

  • Carbonyl index
  • Non-carbonyl FTIR-G* correlations
  • Spectral correlation software
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Aging at the Arizona Validation Site

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Arizona Validation Site

Farrar, M. J., P. M. Harnsberger, K. P. Thomas, W. Wiser. Evaluation of Oxidation in Asphalt Pavement Test Sections after Four Years of Service. Proceedings of the International Conference on Perpetual Pavement, September, 2006, Columbus, Ohio.

Constructed Nov. 2001 Shoulder cored Nov. 2005 2 – 63 mm lifts, 19-mm NMS dense graded aggregate, 4.7% AC)

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Carbonyl Content, Absorbance Units

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

G*, kPa, 60°C, 10 rad/s

1 10 100 1000 80°C, Dry 60°C, Dry 80°C, Moist 60°C, Moist AZ1-1

Relationship between carbonyl content and complex modulus of asphalts

Asphalt Hardening: Laboratory and Field Aging

gel sol

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.006 0.011 0.016 0.021 0.026 0.031 10 20 30 40 50 60

Depth (mm) Carbonyl Index (A1700/A2900)

Arizona Site Aging Profile

Carbonyl Gradient AZ1-1

G* Gradient

Log G* vs. C=O

E* Gradient

Linear relationship

Hirsch Model

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Infrared Spectra From Each Layer

Spectra normalized to CH3 umbrella bending mode at 1376 cm-1

Carbonyl index Sulfoxide index Aromaticity index Other indexes Functional group depth gradients AZ1-3b core

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G* gradient - Arizona validation site at year four

Calibration curve

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Carbonyl Index

Wavenumber, cm

3100

Absorbance

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 3000 2900 2800

  • 1

Absorbance

0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

Wavenumber, cm -1

A Carbonyl Index (CI) =

2900

A1700 A2900 A1700

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Carbonyl Index (8 asphalts)

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ASAP Project

  • Develop and demonstrate ruggedized FTIR

instrumentation, data acquisition system, and data processing procedures to predict and monitor the surface embrittlement of asphalt pavements caused by aging

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Techniques Applied

  • Micro extraction with FTIR analysis
  • Photoacoustic FTIR for surface analyses
  • Carbonyl index
  • Non-carbonyl FTIR-G* correlations
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Project Elements

Laboratory (WRI)

  • Validate spectroscopy-rheology correlation
  • Find non-carbonyl relationship for airborne applications
  • Prepare samples for calibrating ruggedized FTIR system
  • Unaged, RTFO-aged, RTFO/PAV-aged, field samples
  • Develop procedures for handling real-world analyses:
  • Asphalt content < 100%,
  • Aggregate infrared absorption, contaminants
  • Carbonyl indexing
  • Aggregate and contaminant subtraction techniques
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Project Elements

Development of FTIR system (Innova, PLX, SimWright)

  • Design, construct, and test a vehicle-mounted ruggedized

FTIR system

  • Demonstrate the technology in the field using a van-

mounted, non-contact system

  • Determine the effective limits for low-altitude airborne

deployment

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Age-Related Change at Surface

Observations and Assumptions

  • HMA pavements oxidize most

rapidly at their top surfaces.

  • The oxidized binder at the

surface has a much higher stiffness than the bulk binder.

  • The surface stiffness or

complex modulus at lower ambient temperatures will approach the glassy modulus

  • f the binder (~ 109 Pa).
  • Pavement damage begins

under traffic load when the surface complex modulus of the binder reaches some fraction of the glassy modulus at current use temperature.

Az1-1 4-yr viscosity profile

Binder Viscosity, P

2e+5 4e+5 6e+5 8e+5 2e+5 4e+5 6e+5 8e+5

Depth, inches

1 2 3 4 5

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Wave Number, cm-1 Absorbance

AAB-1 neat AAB-1 RTFO AAB-1 PAV 100°C 20hrs AAB-1 PAV 80°C 480hrs Carbonyl 1150 - 1250 cm-1 Region Solvent

WRI/FHWA

Infrared Spectra Changes w/ Aging

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Wave Number, cm

  • 1

Absorbance

Surface 0.1" 0.5" 1"

Pavement Depth

WRI/ FHWA

Infrared Spectra Changes w/ Depth

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G* Correlations With Carbonyl Content For AAB-1

AAB-1 y = 2.88E+03e

1.63E+01x

R

2 = 9.70E-01

y = 1.12E+06e

9.54E+00x

R

2 = 9.24E-01

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Carbonyl Content (1700 cm

  • 1), au

Shear Modulus, G*, at 10 rad/s

25°C unaged 25°C RTFO 25°C PAV at 60°C 25°C PAV at 80°C 25°C PAV at 100° 60°C unaged 60°C RTFO 60°C PAV at 60°C 60°C PAV at 80°C 60°C PAV at 100°C

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Analysis of Infrared Spectra for Correlating Regions

Log(G*) at 60°C, 10 Rad/s 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Wave Number R-Squared for Asphalt AAM-1 Correlation

AAM-1

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Comparison of Absorbances for Laboratory Sample AAM-1

AAM-1 y = 0.3539x + 0.2358 R2 = 0.9662 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

IR Absorbance at 1703 cm-1 IR Absorbance at 1212 cm-1

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Relationship Between Absorbance at 1212 cm-1 and G*

y = 9.3037x + 1.153 R2 = 0.9629 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

Absorbance at 1212cm-1 Log G*

AAM-1

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G* Correlation Using Absorbance at 1212 cm-1

y = 0.9974x R2 = 0.997 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

G*, measured 60°C, 10rad/s G*, fit

Four asphalts, ten aging conditions

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PA spectra changes on

  • xidation of AAD-1

4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600.0 0.03 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.42 cm-1 P A I n te n s ity (a r b itr a y u n its )

(a) Blue: Unaged. Green: RTFO only. Black: RTFO/PAV 20hours. Brown: RTFO/PAV 144 hours. Pink: RTFO/PAV 240 hours. Red: RTFO/PAV 480 hours. OPD velocity 0.5 cm/sec, 512 co-added scans, gain (4).

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Photoacoustic spectra – Arizona surface samples from AZ1-3b

AZ1-3b core

Small (approx. 4 mm wide) samples removed from the surface

512 co-added scans

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PA Spectra of Aggregates

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What is Needed?

  • Validation sites for evaluating concepts and

instrumentation

  • Multiple asphalt sources and grades
  • Multiple surface treatments
  • Save original materials
  • Periodic distress surveys and coring
  • High-resolution age profiling in cores
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WRI Contribution

  • Age profiling in cores using micro extraction,

photoacoustic techniques

  • Field analyses with ASAP System
  • Other specialized testing?
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AAC-1 y = 4.42E+05e

7.92E+00x

R

2 = 9.62E-01

y = 6.65E+02e

1.14E+01x

R

2 = 9.58E-01

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Carbonyl Content (1700 cm

  • 1), au

Shear Modulus, G*, at 10 rad/s

25°C unaged 25°C RTFO 25°C PAV at 60°C 25°C PAV at 80°C 25°C PAV at 100°C 60°C unaged 60°C RTFO 60°C PAV at 60°C 60°C PAV at 80°C 60°C PAV at 100°C

G* Correlations With Carbonyl Content For AAC-1

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AAD-1 y = 4.22E+05e

1.69E+01x

R

2 = 9.23E-01

y = 1.64E+03e

2.48E+01x

R

2 = 9.74E-01

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Carbonyl Content (1700 cm-1), au Shear Modulus, G*, at 10 rad/s

25°C unaged 25°C RTFO 25°C PAV at 60°C 25°C PAV at 80°C 25°C PAV at 100°C 60°C unaged 60°C RTFO 60°C PAV at 60°C 60°C PAV at 80°C 60°C PAV at 100°C

G* Correlations With Carbonyl Content For AAD-1

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AAM-1 y = 1.60E+06e

5.07E+00x

R

2 = 9.46E-01

y = 3.92E+03e

1.02E+01x

R

2 = 9.72E-01

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Carbonyl Content (1700 cm-1), au Shear Modulus, G*, at 10 rad/s

25°C unaged 25°C RTFO 25°C PAV at 60°C 25°C PAV at 80°C 25°C PAV at 100°C 60°C unaged 60°C RTFO 60°C PAV at 60°C 60°C PAV at 80°C 60°C PAV at 100°C

G* Correlations With Carbonyl Content For AAM-1

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Wave Number, cm-1