Women Becoming Mathematicians: A Look Back and A Look Forward - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Women Becoming Mathematicians: A Look Back and A Look Forward - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Women Becoming Mathematicians: A Look Back and A Look Forward Marge Murray MIT Celebration of Women in Mathematics, April 13, 2008 1 B.K. (Before Kovalevskaya) Hypatia (370-415) Emilie du Chtelet (1706-1749) Maria Agnesi

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Women Becoming Mathematicians: A Look Back and A Look Forward

Marge Murray MIT Celebration of Women in Mathematics, April 13, 2008

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B.K. (Before Kovalevskaya)

  • Hypatia (370-415)
  • Emilie du Châtelet (1706-1749)
  • Maria Agnesi (1718-1799)
  • Sophie Germain (1776-1831; Göttingen

1830)

  • Mary Somerville (1780-1872)
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The Ph.D.

  • Gauss (Helmstedt 1799 in absentia; 1777-

1855)

  • U.S. degrees (Yale 1861-62)
  • Sofya Kovalevskaya (Göttingen 1874; 1850-

1891)

  • Christine Ladd-Franklin (Johns Hopkins

1882/1926; 1847-1930)

  • Winifred Edgerton Merrill (Columbia 1886;

1862-1951)

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U.S. Math Ph.D.’s to 1939

Women (%) Men (%) Total Years 162 (14) 970 (86) 1132 1920-39 223 (13) 1444 (87) 1667 1862-1939 35 (14) 216 (86) 251 1910-19 17 (11) 138 (89) 155 1900-09 8 (10) 76 (91) 84 1890-99 1 (3) 31 (97) 32 1880-89 10 10 1870-79 3 3 1862-69

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Women Ph.D.’s at MIT (before 1960)

  • Dorothy Weeks (1930, Wiener)
  • Martha Plass (1939, Struik)
  • Domina Spencer (1942, Struik)
  • Helen Beard (1943, Struik)
  • Miriam Lipschutz-Yevick (1948, W. Hurewicz)
  • Violet Haas (1951, N. Levinson)
  • Phyllis Fox (1954, C.C. Lin)
  • Evelyn Bender (1954, Irvin Cohen)
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The Forties & Fifties

196 (6) 2964 (95) 3160 1940-59 58 (5) 1208 (95) 1266 1955-59 51 (5) 1008 (95) 1059 1950-54 44 (9) 427 (91) 471 1945-49 43 (12) 321 (88) 364 1940-44 Women (%) Men (%) Total Years

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1960-1989

Women (%) Men (%) Total Years 2608 (11) 22,032 (89) 24,640

1960-89

1159 (16) 6197 (84) 7356

1980-89

1086 (10) 9791 (90) 10,877

1970-79

363 (6) 6044 (94) 6407

1960-69

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U.S. History

  • Women’s Suffrage (1920)
  • Great Depression (1930s)
  • World War II (1939-45)
  • GI Bill (1944)
  • NSF (1950)
  • NDEA (1958)
  • Title IX (1972)
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1990-2003

2906 (22) 10,073 (78) 12,979 1990-2003 1844 (24) 5882 (76) 7726 1995-2003 1062 (20) 4191 (80) 5253 1990-1994 Women (%) Men (%) Total Year

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What is “The Women-in- Mathematics Problem”?

  • Access to education?
  • Parity?
  • Employment?
  • Academic employment?
  • Underemployment?
  • Role conflict?
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Being, Doing, and the Question of Identity

  • “The Myth”
  • What is a Mathematician?
  • What is Mathematics For?