Announcements Remember that class is cancelled for Thursday, March - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Announcements Remember that class is cancelled for Thursday, March - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 27, 2023 173 likes •480 views

Announcements Remember that class is cancelled for Thursday, March 22nd Midterm 2 is a week from Thursday The midterm will cover everything since the first midterm up to and including todays lecture In terms of the syllabus: sections V, VI

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SLIDE 1

Announcements

Remember that class is cancelled for Thursday, March 22nd Midterm 2 is a week from Thursday The midterm will cover everything since the first midterm up to and including today’s lecture In terms of the syllabus: sections V, VI and the indentured servitude part of VII In terms of readings: Chapters 2, 4, 6, 16, 18 and the Temin, Fogel and Galenson articles Expect a similar format to the first midterm and the past midterms on Blackboard

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 1 / 30

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SLIDE 2

Primary Markets and Interregional Distribution

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 2 / 30

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SLIDE 3

Fogel’s Proposed Canals

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 3 / 30

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SLIDE 4

Fogel’s Proposed Canals

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 4 / 30

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SLIDE 5

Fogel’s Conclusions

Railroads weren’t as huge as people thought The savings on interregional transportation were small (there were good water transportation networks) The important savings were in intraregional transportation Some of the savings are overstated if you don’t consider the canals that could have developed Fogel comes up with social savings about a third of the size of Fishlow’s savings

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 5 / 30

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SLIDE 6

Additional Impacts of the Railroad

Backward linkages:

The growth of railroads created increasing demand for

  • ther industries

Expanding railroads increased demand for coal, iron, and engineering technology The magnitude of these increases in demand was not

  • verwhelming

Forward linkages:

The growth of railroads impacted those people who consumed the rail services Gains to the economy could result if the people using the railroad became more productive as a result of the railroad Railroad expansion may have led to greater investment in skills and engineering that would benefit other industries Telegraph lines came with the railroads and provided broad benefits to the economy

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 6 / 30

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SLIDE 7

Labor in the Colonial Economy

Recall that colonial economy was dominated by agriculture The good news: there was plenty of land to farm The bad news: to farm all that new land, the colonies needed more people More good news: wages were good in the colonies relative to Britain so people wanted to work in the colonies More bad news: travel from England to the colonies was extremely costly (almost equal to a German migrant’s annual salary) Solution: indentured servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 7 / 30

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SLIDE 8

The Geographic Distribution of Indentured Servants

Total emigration Percentage listed as servants Northern colonies Canada 31 9.68 Nova Scotia 425 7.76 New England 54 1.85 New York 303 11.55 Middle colonies Pennsylvania 859 78.81 Maryland 2217 98.33 Virginia 767 90.35 Southern colonies Carolinas 106 23.58 Georgia 196 17.86 Florida 5 Incidence of Immigrant Servitude across Colonies, Engligh Emigration, 1773‐1776

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 8 / 30

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SLIDE 9

Credit Constraints and Indentured Servitude

The cost of passage to America was £5 to £10, an amount greater than average annual income at the time To put that in perspective, think about college tuition:

Average tuition and fees at private four-year colleges is $26,273 Average income for a high school graduate is $39,000 for men, $28,380 for women If there were no student loans, how would people pay for college?

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 9 / 30

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SLIDE 10

Credit Constraints and Indentured Servitude

Let’s continue thinking about the college example Suppose we did write indenture contracts for college that covered tuition in return for working for a company for a specified number of years What might determine the length of this contract?

Choice of major Grades in college Skills like computer programming Job characteristics

In theory, you could learn quite a bit about a worker given the contract they signed

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 10 / 30

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SLIDE 11

How Indentured Servitude Works - Standard

Laborer and shipper strike a contract trading a period of labor for passage p p g Shipper transports laborer to America pp p Shipper sells the contract to employer in Shipper sells the contract to employer in America After contract is up, servant becomes a free laborer

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 11 / 30

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SLIDE 12

How Indentured Servitude Works - Redemptioners

Laborer borrows money from the shipper to pay for passage and supplies p y p g pp Shipper transports laborer to the colonies pp p Laborer finds an employer and negotiates a Laborer finds an employer and negotiates a contract long enough to pay back shipper After contract is up, servant becomes a free laborer

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 12 / 30

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SLIDE 13

How Indentured Servitude Works

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 13 / 30

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SLIDE 14

How Indentured Servitude Works

This indentured...between [Alexander Beard]...of the one part, and [John Dickey]...of the other part, witnesseth, that the said [Alexander Beard] doth hereby covenant, promise and grant, to ...[John Dickey]...and his assigns, from the day

  • f the date hereof until the first and next arrival at

[Philadelphia] in America...and during the term of [three] years to serve in such service and employment as the said [John Dickey] or [his] assigns shall there employ [him]...In consideration whereof the said [John Dickey] doth grant...to pay for [his] passage, and to find allow [him] meat, drink, apparel and lodging, with other necessaries, during the said term; and at the end of the said term to pay unto him the usual allowance, according to the custom of the country in the like kind...

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 14 / 30

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SLIDE 15

Features of a Contract

The main thing negotiated on the contract was the length Fairly standard was the provision of food, shelter and clothing during the length of the contract Contracts also included freedom dues (payments at the end of the contract) Some included the equivalent of a no-trade clause What kind of issues might come up? Servants trying to leave before contract is up, employers trying to shirk on provision of goods.

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 15 / 30

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SLIDE 16

Contract Length and Human Capital

Why would people get different contract lengths? Everyone’s passage cost pretty much the same amount so the initial debt is the same for everyone. Differences in contract length would then mean that people differed in how valuable their labor was. More productive workers would get shorter contracts.

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 16 / 30

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SLIDE 17

Contract Length and Human Capital

TABLE 1

ESTIMATED REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS, MIDDLESEX AND LONDON SAMPLES MIDDLESEX,

1683-84

LONDON, 1718-59

Estimated Standard Estimated Standard

INDEPENDENT

VARIABLE Coefficient Error Coefficient Error Age (years):a

Total sample:

Less than 15

2.655 .385 2.749 .134 15 2.201 .400 2.147 .080 16 1.457 .304 1.304 .068 17 .893 .367 .728 .062 18 .174 .270 .331 .055 19 .738 .306 .169 .050

Sexb

  • 1.484

.207

  • .195

.073

Literacy

  • .575

.217

  • .082

.037 Dated

... ...

  • .0060

.0023

Tradee

  • .727

.445 ... ...

Farmer'

... ...

  • .313

.074

Laborer

... ...

  • .146

.079

Services

... ...

  • .348

.066

Metal and construction

... ...

  • .320

.067

Clothing and textiles

... ...

  • .313

.060

Antiguaj

  • .227

.812

  • .403

.110

Barbados

  • .553

.274

  • .176

.154 Jamaica

  • .398

.462

  • .233

.060

Other West Indiesk

  • .401

1.094

  • .479

.088 Maryland .203 .209 .306 .059

Virginia

... ...

.127 .073

Other mainland'

  • .389

.673 .050 .116 Constant

5.227

...

4.665 ... R

2

.555

...

.539 ...

F 12.87

...

112.82 ... n 171 ... 2,049 ...

SOURCE-Data used are all from records of minors (age less than 21). Middlesex, 1683-84: London, Greater London Record Office; Nicholson (1965); Wareing (1976). London, 1718-59: London, Corporation of London Records Office; Kaminkow and Kaminkow (1964); Galenson (1977a). NOTE.-Dependent variable = number of years indentured; method of estimation used is ordinary least squares in tables 1 and 2. aFor age variable, indicated age = 1; zero class = age 20.

b Male = 0, female = 1.

e Marked = 0, signed = 1.

d Date entered as final two digits of year of registration.

eTrade = 0 for laborers and no recorded occupations; trade = 1 for all other men's occupations. I For all occupational variables, indicated occupations) = 1; zero class = no recorded occupation. "Farmer" includes husbandman, plowman, etc. gIncludes accountant, barber, surgeon, etc.

h Includes blacksmith, carpenter, cooper, mason, etc.

Includes clothier, tailor, weaver, etc. For all destination variables, for Middlesex sample, zero class = Virginia; for London sample, zero class Pennsylvania.

k Includes Nevis, St. Christopher, etc.

Includes Carolina, New York, etc.

455

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 17 / 30

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SLIDE 18

Contract Length and Human Capital

Characteristic Months More or Less Service 15 years old 26 17 years old 9 19 years old 2 Female

  • 2

Literate

  • 1

Farmer

  • 4

Metalworker

  • 4

Textile worker

  • 4

Contract Length and Servant Characteristics

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 18 / 30

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SLIDE 19

Contract Length and Human Capital

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 19 / 30

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SLIDE 20

Contract Length and Human Capital

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 20 / 30

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SLIDE 21

Contract Length and Human Capital

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 21 / 30

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SLIDE 22

Contract Length and Human Capital

7 Unskilled workers 2 3 4 5 6 Annual earnings Unskilled workers Skilled workers 1 18 19 20 21 22 23 Age

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 22 / 30

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SLIDE 23

Growth of the Colonial Population - Free laborers, indentured servants and slaves

2500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 White Black 500000

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 23 / 30

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SLIDE 24

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

Two big changes altered the incentives to enter into indentured servitude: British wages rose and the cost of transatlantic passage dropped Higher British wages both reduced the incentive to migrate and made it easier to save up money for passage Lower cost of passage made it easier for laborers to finance the trip themselves Lower cost of passage also made it cheaper for employers in the colonies to acquire slaves

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 24 / 30

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SLIDE 25

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 25 / 30

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SLIDE 26

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 26 / 30

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SLIDE 27

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 27 / 30

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SLIDE 28

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 28 / 30

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SLIDE 29

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 29 / 30

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SLIDE 30

The Disappearance of Indentured Servitude

  • J. Parman (College of William & Mary)

American Economic History, Spring 2012 March 20, 2012 30 / 30