Wireless Signal & Power Transmission (WSAPT) Master seminar - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Wireless Signal & Power Transmission (WSAPT) Master seminar - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Wireless Signal & Power Transmission (WSAPT) Master seminar Particle tracking and identification at high rates David M. Immig Physikalisches Institut Uni Heidelberg immig@physi.uni-heidelberg.de 13.01.2017 Overview Introduction 1

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SLIDE 1

Wireless Signal & Power Transmission (WSAPT)

Master seminar Particle tracking and identification at high rates David M. Immig

Physikalisches Institut Uni Heidelberg immig@physi.uni-heidelberg.de

13.01.2017

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SLIDE 2

Overview

1

Introduction Motivation and Requirements The Decibel Unit System

2

Wireless Power Transfer Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances Optical Wireless Power Transfer Radio Frequency based Wireless Power Transfer

3

Wireless Information Transfer Wireless Technology The 60 GHz Technology Possible Application in HEP Feasibility Studies

4

Conclusion & Outlook

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 1 / 34

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SLIDE 3

INTRODUCTION

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SLIDE 4

Introduction

Electromagnetic induction: Micheal Faraday (1831) First wireless communication: Photophone by Alexander Graham & Charles Sumner Tainter (1880) Commercial products for wireless data and power transfer available → Not suitable for application in HEP

Photophone [14] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 2 / 34

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SLIDE 5

Motivation in Particle Physics

1 Steering and control of complex detector systems

→ Point-to-Multipoint communication or vice versa

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 3 / 34

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SLIDE 6

Motivation in Particle Physics

1 Steering and control of complex detector systems

→ Point-to-Multipoint communication or vice versa

2 Reduction of dead material

→ Multiple scattering and nuclear interaction ⇒ More precise measurements of track momenta and interaction vertices → Reduction of fake hits arising from secondaries

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 3 / 34

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SLIDE 7

Motivation in Particle Physics

1 Steering and control of complex detector systems

→ Point-to-Multipoint communication or vice versa

2 Reduction of dead material

→ Multiple scattering and nuclear interaction ⇒ More precise measurements of track momenta and interaction vertices → Reduction of fake hits arising from secondaries

3 High data transfer rates limited by bandwidth of electrical and optical links

→ Weakness: Size of connectors and sensitivity to damage → Today: Due to high luminosity, systems can’t handle the high data rates ⇒ 60 GHz band offers required bandwidth, high space efficiency, security and form factor

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 3 / 34

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SLIDE 8

Requirements for HEP

1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

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SLIDE 9

Requirements for HEP

1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

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SLIDE 10

Requirements for HEP

1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness 3 Variations of temperature, power and voltage David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

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SLIDE 11

Requirements for HEP

1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness 3 Variations of temperature, power and voltage 4 RF noise/interference created by neighbouring cells of the system itself

⇒ To avoid cross talk and multi-path propagation

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

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SLIDE 12

Requirements for HEP

1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness 3 Variations of temperature, power and voltage 4 RF noise/interference created by neighbouring cells of the system itself

⇒ To avoid cross talk and multi-path propagation

5 High level of reliability → 10 to 20 years David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

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SLIDE 13

The Decibel Unit System

Decibel [dB]:

Express the ratio of two values (P0, P1) of a physical quantity: LdB = 10 · log10 P1 P0

  • Expression of intensities of radio waves or reflection coefficients.

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 5 / 34

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SLIDE 14

The Decibel Unit System

Decibels per milliwatt [dBm]:

Absolute value of a physical quantity requires a reference value (P0 = 1 mW): PdBm = 10 · log10 P1 1 mW

  • David M. Immig (PI Uni HD)

WSAPT 13.01.2017 5 / 34

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SLIDE 15

The Decibel Unit System

Decibels with respect to an isotropic emitter [dBi]:

The gain of an antenna is given by the comparison to an isotropic emitter: GdBi = 10 · log10 Pmax Piso

  • Isotropic

antenna Practical antenna Gain [dBi]

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 5 / 34

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SLIDE 16

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT)

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SLIDE 17

Wireless Power Transfer

19th century: Hertz & Tesla theorized the possibility of WPT Range Efficiency Nonradiative Low ”High” Radiative High Low ⇒ HEP: Inside detector not feasible yet, due to over- lapping frequencies, but RF-based WPT can be the solution outside

Wardenclyffe Tower [13] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 6 / 34

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SLIDE 18

WPT Technologies

Nonradiative techniques: Power transfer per magnetic or electric field Radiative techniques: Power transfer per electromagnetic radiation Region Technology Range Frequency nonradiative Inductive coupling Contact Hz-MHz Resonant inductive coupling Meters kHz-GHz Capacitive coupling Contact kHz-MHz radiative Microwaves m-km GHz Light waves m-km ≥ THz

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 7 / 34

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SLIDE 19

WPT via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances

Nonradiative near-field magnetic resonance Setup: 2 self-resonant-coils

◮ Source coil: coupled to oscillator circuit ◮ Device coil: coupled inductively to resistive load

Transfer of several tens of watts → 60 W light bulb @2 m

Coupling coefficient:

κ ∼ ω/

  • LSLD

→ Resonance frequency 9.9 MHz

75 100 125 150 175 200 225 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Distance (cm) η (Efficiency) Theory From experimental κ Experiment

[11] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 8 / 34

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SLIDE 20

WPT via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances

Future application of WiTricity [15] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 8 / 34

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SLIDE 21

Optical WPT

Optical Output: 3.5 W LED → Wavelength ∼ 940 nm Optical Input: Phototvoltaic panel Prototype requirements: 0.25 W@5 m

Distance (m)

2 3 4 5 6 7

Power received (mW)

200 300 400 500 600 [12] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 9 / 34

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SLIDE 22

RF-based WPT

Function generator drives 14 dbi Yagi antenna @ 915 MHz → Power output: 44 dBm Receiver uses 11 dBi gain patch antenna Power loss: 20 dBm@5 m → 0.25 W requires 25 W source

[12]

Friis formula:

PRX PTX = GTXGRX · λ 4πR 2

Distance (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Power loss (dB)

  • 30
  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

Data points Friis transmission

Power received (W)

25.0 7.91 2.50 0.79 0.25 0.08 0.02

[12] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 10 / 34

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SLIDE 23

WIRELESS INFORMATION TRANSFER (WIT)

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SLIDE 24

Data Transfer Technologies

Cellular technologies

→ LTE Advanced ≤ 1 Gbps

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

→ IEEE 802.11ad ≤ 6.7 Gbps

Short Links

→ USB 3.1 Gen 2 ≤ 10 Gbps

ITRS wireless roadmap [2] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 11 / 34

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SLIDE 25

Signal Transmission

Wired: Data tranmission represented by electrical voltage

→ Transfered directly in original state as baseband signal

Optical: Modulation of the light Wireless: Modulation onto carrier frequency

→ Signal lifted from baseband to higher frequency range → Signal modulated into bandwidth is called passband signal

RF

Filter Filter

Baseband Passband f A(f)

[10] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 12 / 34

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SLIDE 26

Modulation

Passband modulation is to encode digital information into a carrier signal for transmission. Motivation: Couple EM into space → antenna size function of wavelength: λ = c0/(f √ǫr) = 5 mm Multiple radio channels to broadcast simultaneously at different carrier frequencies

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 13 / 34

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SLIDE 27

Modulation

Passband modulation is to encode digital information into a carrier signal for transmission.

Analogue Digital AM ASK Amplitude modulation Amplitude shift keying FM FSK Frequency modulation Frequency shift keying PM PSK Phase modulation Phase shift keying

General modulation schemes [10] [10] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 13 / 34

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SLIDE 28

Choice of Modulation Scheme

Factors influencing choice of modulation:

◮ Spectral efficiency → Efficient

exploitation of bandwidth [bps/Hz]

◮ Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ◮ Power efficiency ◮ Implementation cost and complexity

Modulation Modulation Demodulation IF Spectral efficiency scheme c.c.1 c.c. c.c. [bps/Hz] OOK Low Lowest Lowest 0.5 FSK Medium High Lowest 1 MSK High High Low 1 OFDM Highest Highest Low 3

[9]

1circuitry complexity David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 14 / 34

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SLIDE 29

ON-OFF Keying (OOK)

Principle of OOK [4]

OOK is a simple modulation scheme → Specific form of ASK Non-coherent demodulation → Rx require no phase information from Tx Spectral efficiency ≤ 0.5 bps/Hz No large baseband circuitry needed ⇒ Low power consumption Less stringent demands to noise, phase and linearity due to low complexity

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 15 / 34

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SLIDE 30

Payload Throughput

Shannon-Harley’s Law:

C = B · log2

  • 1 + S

N

  • C

= channel capacity [bps] B = bandwidth [Hz] S = signal power [W] N = noise power [W] ⇒ Minimum SNR is determined by the bit error rate (BER) ⇒ Depends on modulation scheme

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 16 / 34

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SLIDE 31

The 60 GHz Band

Gotmic TXQ060A01 development board

Spectrum between 57-66 GHz ⇒ Large bandwidth: 4-9 GHz Large Data Rate ∼ 10 Gbps over short distance Antenna size is function of wavelength (λ ∼ 5 mm@60 GHz) ⇒ Small form factor

[9] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 17 / 34

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SLIDE 32

Features of 60 GHz

License free band available world wide

FCC [9] Atmospheric absorption vs. frequency [6] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 18 / 34

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SLIDE 33

Features of 60 GHz

License free band available world wide Transmitted energy is absorbed by

  • xygen molecules in the atmosphere

→ Unsuitable for long range communication → Line-of-sight (LOS) → Decreases interference and increases frequency re-use and space efficiency

FCC [9] Atmospheric absorption vs. frequency [6] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 18 / 34

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SLIDE 34

Features of 60 GHz

License free band available world wide Transmitted energy is absorbed by

  • xygen molecules in the atmosphere

→ Unsuitable for long range communication → Line-of-sight (LOS) → Decreases interference and increases frequency re-use and space efficiency High carrier frequency ⇒ low form factor ⇒ Reduction of material budget

16 Antennas 20 mm2

Patch antenna [9] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 18 / 34

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SLIDE 35

Practical Oppertunities of mm-Wave technology

At home: Interconnectivity of media devices → Streaming uncompressed HD content ⇒ Replacing of commonly used cables

[9] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 19 / 34

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SLIDE 36

Practical Oppertunities of mm-Wave technology

At home: Interconnectivity of media devices → Streaming uncompressed HD content ⇒ Replacing of commonly used cables Vehicles: Inability to penetrate & interfere with

  • ther vehicle networks

In-flight entertainment: Do not interfere with other aircraft communications

[9] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 19 / 34

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SLIDE 37

Practical Oppertunities of mm-Wave technology

At home: Interconnectivity of media devices → Streaming uncompressed HD content ⇒ Replacing of commonly used cables Vehicles: Inability to penetrate & interfere with

  • ther vehicle networks

In-flight entertainment: Do not interfere with other aircraft communications Satellite communication: Outside atmosphere: No free space path loss , LOS

[9] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 19 / 34

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SLIDE 38

Heidelberg 60 GHz Transciever

Wireless transceiver consist of a transmitter and a receiver → Under development by Hans Kristian Soltveit 130 nm SiGe HBT BiCMOS 8HP technology:

◮ SiGe HBT: low 1/f noise, high breakdown voltage & carrier mobility ◮ BiCMOS: higher gain at same bias current, high integration level

Radiation hardness Aims at 4.5 Gbps using 9 GHz bandwidth → Modulation scheme: OOK

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 20 / 34

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SLIDE 39

Transmitter

Din

PA

Antenna

BAND- PASS FILTER OOK MOD. OSCILLATOR POWER AMPLIFIER

Block diagramm of transmitter [5]

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) @60 GHz → Provides carrier frequency (CF)

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 21 / 34

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SLIDE 40

Transmitter

Din

PA

Antenna

BAND- PASS FILTER OOK MOD. OSCILLATOR POWER AMPLIFIER

Block diagramm of transmitter [5]

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) @60 GHz → Provides carrier frequency (CF) ON-OFF Keying (OOK) Modulator → Modulates signal on CF

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 21 / 34

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SLIDE 41

Transmitter

Din

PA

Antenna

BAND- PASS FILTER OOK MOD. OSCILLATOR POWER AMPLIFIER

Block diagramm of transmitter [5]

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) @60 GHz → Provides carrier frequency (CF) ON-OFF Keying (OOK) Modulator → Modulates signal on CF Power Amplifier (PA) → Provides required power and amplification

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 21 / 34

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SLIDE 42

Transmitter

Din

PA

Antenna

BAND- PASS FILTER OOK MOD. OSCILLATOR POWER AMPLIFIER

Block diagramm of transmitter [5]

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) @60 GHz → Provides carrier frequency (CF) ON-OFF Keying (OOK) Modulator → Modulates signal on CF Power Amplifier (PA) → Provides required power and amplification Bandpass Filter (BPF) → Suppress broad band noise from PA and upconvert process

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 21 / 34

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SLIDE 43

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 44

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference Low noise amplifier (LNA) → Amplify weak signal while adding as little noise as possible

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 45

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference Low noise amplifier (LNA) → Amplify weak signal while adding as little noise as possible Gilbert mixer → Down-converts signal to lower frequency @5 GHz

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 46

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference Low noise amplifier (LNA) → Amplify weak signal while adding as little noise as possible Gilbert mixer → Down-converts signal to lower frequency @5 GHz BPF → rejects noise, harmonics etc. generated by down convert process

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 47

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference Low noise amplifier (LNA) → Amplify weak signal while adding as little noise as possible Gilbert mixer → Down-converts signal to lower frequency @5 GHz BPF → rejects noise, harmonics etc. generated by down convert process Intermediate frequency amplifier → increase dynamic range

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 48

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference Low noise amplifier (LNA) → Amplify weak signal while adding as little noise as possible Gilbert mixer → Down-converts signal to lower frequency @5 GHz BPF → rejects noise, harmonics etc. generated by down convert process Intermediate frequency amplifier → increase dynamic range OOK demodulator

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 49

Receiver

Mixer LNA

Antenna

Dout

OSCILLATOR BAND- PASS FILTER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DOWNCONVERT BAND- PASS FILTER IF AMP . LIM. AMP . OOK DEMOD.

Block diagramm of receiver [5]

BPF → Attenuate out-of-band interference Low noise amplifier (LNA) → Amplify weak signal while adding as little noise as possible Gilbert mixer → Down-converts signal to lower frequency @5 GHz BPF → rejects noise, harmonics etc. generated by down convert process Intermediate frequency amplifier → increase dynamic range OOK demodulator Limiting amplifier → Reduction of big & amplifying of small signals

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 22 / 34

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SLIDE 50

Link Budget

Calculation of link budget based on specification for the ATLAS inner tracker:

PRX = PTX + GTX + GRX − LTX − LRX − PL(R) − FM PRX = Received Power [dBm] PTX = Transmitted Power → 5 dBm GTX = Transmitter antenna gain → 10 dBi GRX = Receiver antenna gain → 10 dBi LTX = Transmitter loss → 4 dB LRX = Receiver loss → 4 dB PL(R) = Free space loss @20 cm(1 m) → 48 dB(68 dB) FM = Fading Margin → 3 dBm System operating margin: 15 dB ⇒ PRX = −34 dBm

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 23 / 34

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SLIDE 51

System specification

LNA 13 mW Gilbert Mixer 7 mW VCO 20 mW IF Amplifier 10 mW Modulator 20 mW Demodulator 20 mW PA 60 mW Power consumption 150 mW

[9]

Specification Value Frequency band 57-66 GHz Bandwidth 9 GHz Data rate 4.5 Gbps Modulation OOK Minimum sensitivity

  • 49 dBm

BER 10−12 Target Power consumption 150 mW Transmission range 20 cm - 1 m

[9]

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 24 / 34

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SLIDE 52

Possible Application in LHC Experiments

ATLAS Inner Tracker [1]

Silicon micro-strip tracker → 50-100 Tbps

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 25 / 34

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SLIDE 53

Possible Application in LHC Experiments

ATLAS Inner Tracker [1]

Silicon micro-strip tracker → 50-100 Tbps Currently: Axial readout

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 25 / 34

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SLIDE 54

Possible Application in LHC Experiments

ATLAS Inner Tracker [1]

Silicon micro-strip tracker → 50-100 Tbps Currently: Axial readout Approach: radial readout along high pT-tracks by wireless data transmission at 60 GHz ⇒ ∼ 20 000 links at ∼ 5 Gbps

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 25 / 34

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SLIDE 55

Possible Application in LHC Experiments

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Outer enclosure high pT track ~10cm

Conceptual sketch of wireless radial readout [3]

Silicon micro-strip tracker → 50-100 Tbps Currently: Axial readout Approach: radial readout along high pT-tracks by wireless data transmission at 60 GHz ⇒ ∼ 20 000 links at ∼ 5 Gbps ⇒ Advantage: Individual detector segments can be read out separately Problem: Possible cross talk!

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 25 / 34

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SLIDE 56

Cross Talk

Options to avoide cross talk: Absorption Directive antennas Linear polarization Frequency channeling

Simulation of potential cross talk [6] Approach to reduce cross talk [7] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 26 / 34

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SLIDE 57

Feasibility Studies: Test Setup

Hittite: 2 transmitter & 2 receivers Modulation scheme: MSK

◮ Bandwidth: 1.8 GHz ◮ Data rate: 1.76 Gbps Hittite HMC6451 60 GHz evaluation kit [4] [7]

Tx Rx distance aluminum Tx Rx distance Tx-Tx foam foam Hittite Tx BB I Clock Hittite Tx Spectrum analyzer 1 2

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 27 / 34

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SLIDE 58

Directive Antenna

Directive antenna → Interference and security advantages Requirements on antennas are highly application specific

2.4 or 5 GHz 60GHz

[8] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 28 / 34

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SLIDE 59

Directive Antenna

Directive antenna → Interference and security advantages Requirements on antennas are highly application specific → Horn antennas: high bandwidth, require space → Aluminum and Kapton

R

foil laminate

3 dB-bandwidth @60.85 GHz:

◮ H-plane → 25◦ ◮ E-plane → 30◦

  • 90
  • 75
  • 60
  • 45
  • 30
  • 15

15 30 45 60 75 90

  • 20
  • 10

10 20

H-plane E-plane Gain [dBi]

[3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 28 / 34

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SLIDE 60

Graphite foam: Absorption and Reflection

Graphite foam (1 cm) material budget of standard silicon detector: X/X0 0.1 % Pore size of foam << λ = 5 mm

Graphite foam [10]

Foam Thickness d [mm] Density ρ [mg/cm2] Absorption coefficient a [dB/cm] LS-11451-1 6.35 73.8±0.7 27.3±0.2 LS-10122-9 12.70 54.0±1.0 12.8±0.1 LS-11297-1 19.05 58.8±0.5 24.1±1.4 LS-10640-1 25.40 50.7±0.5 19.5±0.1

Properties of the tested graphite foam at f = 60.7 GHz [3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 29 / 34

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SLIDE 61

Graphite foam: Absorption and Reflection

Graphite foam (1 cm) material budget of standard silicon detector: X/X0 0.1 % Pore size of foam << λ = 5 mm Attenuation of transmitted signal at least 15 ± 1 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

  • 90
  • 80
  • 70
  • 60
  • 50
  • 40
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

LS-11451-1 d= 0.25" Fresnel Trans. - Fit LS-10122-9 d= 0.5" Fresnel Trans. - Fit LS-11297-1 d= 0.75" Fresnel Trans. - Fit LS-10640-1 d= 1.0" Fresnel Trans. - Fit

Transmission loss [dB] Incident angle [°]

Foam Thickness d [mm] Density ρ [mg/cm2] Absorption coefficient a [dB/cm] LS-11451-1 6.35 73.8±0.7 27.3±0.2 LS-10122-9 12.70 54.0±1.0 12.8±0.1 LS-11297-1 19.05 58.8±0.5 24.1±1.4 LS-10640-1 25.40 50.7±0.5 19.5±0.1

Properties of the tested graphite foam at f = 60.7 GHz [3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 29 / 34

slide-62
SLIDE 62

Graphite foam: Absorption and Reflection

Graphite foam (1 cm) material budget of standard silicon detector: X/X0 0.1 % Pore size of foam << λ = 5 mm Attenuation of transmitted signal at least 15 ± 1 dB Reflection loss < −10 dB

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

  • 30
  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

LS-11451-1 d= 0.25" Fresnel Reflec. - Fit LS-10122-9 d= 0.5" Fresnel Reflec. - Fit LS-11297-1 d= 0.75" Fresnel Reflec. - Fit LS-10640-1 d= 1.0" Fresnel Reflec. - Fit

Reflection loss [dB] Incident angle [°]

Foam Thickness d [mm] Density ρ [mg/cm2] Absorption coefficient a [dB/cm] LS-11451-1 6.35 73.8±0.7 27.3±0.2 LS-10122-9 12.70 54.0±1.0 12.8±0.1 LS-11297-1 19.05 58.8±0.5 24.1±1.4 LS-10640-1 25.40 50.7±0.5 19.5±0.1

Properties of the tested graphite foam at f = 60.7 GHz [3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 29 / 34

slide-63
SLIDE 63

Polarization

SNR measurements with parallel and

  • rthogonal polarized links

→ Reference: Waveguide apertures

Parallel (yellow), orthogonal (green) [7] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 30 / 34

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SLIDE 64

Polarization

SNR measurements with parallel and

  • rthogonal polarized links

→ Reference: Waveguide apertures Setup with hollow foam cylinders and graphite foam covering both layers

[7] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 30 / 34

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SLIDE 65

Polarization

SNR measurements with parallel and

  • rthogonal polarized links

→ Reference: Waveguide apertures Setup with hollow foam cylinders and graphite foam covering both layers Hugh potential to reduce crosstalk without even using directive antennas

Parallel (yellow), orthogonal (green) [7] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 30 / 34

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SLIDE 66

ATLAS SCT Module: Transmission and Reflection Tests

ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT) barrel module Transmission loss over entire frequency range < −50 dB → No measurement of transmitted signal

A B C

x[mm]

  • 60

130 40

ATLAS SCT barrel module [3]

Frequency [GHz]

57.5 58 58.5 59 59.5 60 60.5 61

Transmission loss [dB]

60 − 58 − 56 − 54 − 52 − 50 − 48 −

Point A Point B Point C Noise level

[3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 31 / 34

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SLIDE 67

ATLAS SCT Module: Transmission and Reflection Tests

ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT) endcap module Transmission loss over entire frequency range: −25 dB to −60 dB High variations due to assembly hole and gap between hybrid and flex print

A B C

x[mm]

  • 100

40

ATLAS SCT encap module[3]

Frequency [GHz]

57.5 58 58.5 59 59.5 60 60.5 61

Transmission loss [dB]

60 − 55 − 50 − 45 − 40 − 35 − 30 − 25 − 20 − 15 − 10 −

Point A Point B Point C Noise level

[3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 31 / 34

slide-68
SLIDE 68

ATLAS SCT Module: Transmission and Reflection Tests

ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT) endcap module Reflection without significant losses → Might induce cross talk ⇒ Avoided by directive antenna ⇒ Controlled environment: Adaption to the needs

] ° Incident angle [

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Reflection loss [dB]

15 − 10 − 5 − 5 10

Point A Point B Point C

[3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 31 / 34

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SLIDE 69

Pickup of 60 GHz noise

Cut-off frequencies of sensors and readout chips for silicon detectors < GHz ABCN endcap electronic hybrid prototypes fo phase-2 upgrade of silicon tracking detector for ATLAS → 12 fully functional ABCN readout chips

Prototype ATLAS endcap tracking detector upgrade [3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 32 / 34

slide-70
SLIDE 70

Pickup of 60 GHz noise

Cut-off frequencies of sensors and readout chips for silicon detectors < GHz ABCN endcap electronic hybrid prototypes fo phase-2 upgrade of silicon tracking detector for ATLAS → 12 fully functional ABCN readout chips Noise level: Threshold scan using calibrated injections in equivalent noise charges (ENC) → ENC: # electrons to collect from silicon sensor to create a signal equivalent to the noise of this sensor No influence of the wireless signal on the noise level

Noise [ENC] 340 360 380 400 420 440 # Channels 10 20 30 40 50 60

Reference measurement Wireless transmission Gaussian fit: reference Gaussian fit: wireless μ = 385.0 ± 0.4 ENC σ = 13.8 ± 0.3 ENC μ = 385.4 ± 0.4 ENC σ = 13.7 ± 0.3 ENC

[3] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 32 / 34

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SLIDE 71

Conclusion

WPT: ”High” efficiency but low range or high range but low efficiency Efficient application in HEP is not optimal yet, but will be in the future. WIT:

  • 1. prototype: 4.5 Gbps using OOK & 9 GHz bandwidth up to 1 m data transfer

range Performance of the hybrid silicon strip module from ATLAS is not degraded Significant reduction of cross talk:

◮ Directive antenna → Small material contribution using metalized foil ◮ Linear polarization → 5 cm pitch @ 10 cm layer distance ◮ Graphite foam → ∼ 0.1 % radiation length

60 GHz wireless technology is seen as an attractive alternative for future detector application.

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 33 / 34

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SLIDE 72

Outlook

mm-Wave technology: possible solution of current limited bandwidth limitations

  • f LHC & other facilities

→ High interest for this development on different levels Future Circular Collider (FCC), CEA-Leti, Prof. Do Wen (S-Korea), University of Uppsala , University Bergen and University Heidelberg send Letter of Intent to Cern. Heidelberg Wireless 60 GHz Chip submission is intended soon!

David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 34 / 34

slide-73
SLIDE 73

THE END?

slide-74
SLIDE 74

References

[1]

  • S. Ceuterickx (2015), Wireless Data (and Power) Transmission, Talk FCCw2015

[2] R.Brenner et al. (2015), Development of wireless techniques in data and power transmission application for particle-physics detectors, Proposal [3]

  • S. Dittmeier et al. (2016), Feasibility studies for a wireless 60 GHz tracking detector readout,

Paper [4]

  • S. Dittmeier (2013), Development of a Test Setup for a 60 GHz Wireless Transceiver for the

ATLAS Tracker Readout, Master Thesis [5] H.K. Soltveit et al. (2012), Multi-Gigabit Wireless data transfer at 60 GHz, Paper [6] H.K. Soltveit et al. (2013), Towards Multi-Gigabit readout at 60 GHz for the ATLAS silicon microstrip detector, Paper [7]

  • S. Dittmeier et al. (2014), 60 GHz wireless data transfer for tracker readout systems - first

studies and results, Paper [8]

  • L. Caetano and S. Li (2005), Benefits of 60 GHz - Right Frequency, Right Time, Paper
slide-75
SLIDE 75

References

[9] H.K. Soltveit (2016), Multi-Gigabit wireless data transfer using the 60 GHz band, Talk [10]

  • S. Dittmeier et al. (2014), 60 GHz Wireless Data Transfer for Tracker Readout Systems - First

Studies and Results, Talk [11]

  • A. kurs et al. (2007), Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances

[12]

  • P. De Lurgio et al. (2015), A Prototype of wireless power and data acquisition system for large

detectors [13] Wikipedia (1904), Tesla Broadcast Tower, Access 09.01.2016 [14] Wikipedia (1880), Photophone, Access 10.01.2016 [15] Industrytap.com, WiTricity Charges Forward with Wireless Electricity, Article, Access 12.01.2017