Wireless Signal & Power Transmission (WSAPT) Master seminar - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Wireless Signal & Power Transmission (WSAPT) Master seminar Particle tracking and identification at high rates David M. Immig Physikalisches Institut Uni Heidelberg immig@physi.uni-heidelberg.de 13.01.2017

Overview Introduction 1 Motivation and Requirements The Decibel Unit System Wireless Power Transfer 2 Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances Optical Wireless Power Transfer Radio Frequency based Wireless Power Transfer Wireless Information Transfer 3 Wireless Technology The 60 GHz Technology Possible Application in HEP Feasibility Studies Conclusion & Outlook 4 David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 1 / 34

INTRODUCTION

Introduction Electromagnetic induction: Micheal Faraday (1831) First wireless communication: Photophone by Alexander Graham & Charles Sumner Tainter (1880) Commercial products for wireless data and power transfer available → Not suitable for application in HEP Photophone [14] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 2 / 34

Motivation in Particle Physics 1 Steering and control of complex detector systems → Point-to-Multipoint communication or vice versa David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 3 / 34

Motivation in Particle Physics 1 Steering and control of complex detector systems → Point-to-Multipoint communication or vice versa 2 Reduction of dead material → Multiple scattering and nuclear interaction ⇒ More precise measurements of track momenta and interaction vertices → Reduction of fake hits arising from secondaries David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 3 / 34

Motivation in Particle Physics 1 Steering and control of complex detector systems → Point-to-Multipoint communication or vice versa 2 Reduction of dead material → Multiple scattering and nuclear interaction ⇒ More precise measurements of track momenta and interaction vertices → Reduction of fake hits arising from secondaries 3 High data transfer rates limited by bandwidth of electrical and optical links → Weakness: Size of connectors and sensitivity to damage → Today: Due to high luminosity, systems can’t handle the high data rates ⇒ 60 GHz band offers required bandwidth, high space efficiency, security and form factor David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 3 / 34

Requirements for HEP 1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

Requirements for HEP 1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

Requirements for HEP 1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness 3 Variations of temperature, power and voltage David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

Requirements for HEP 1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness 3 Variations of temperature, power and voltage 4 RF noise/interference created by neighbouring cells of the system itself ⇒ To avoid cross talk and multi-path propagation David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

Requirements for HEP 1 Strong magnetic field → 3 − 6 T 2 Radiation hardness 3 Variations of temperature, power and voltage 4 RF noise/interference created by neighbouring cells of the system itself ⇒ To avoid cross talk and multi-path propagation 5 High level of reliability → 10 to 20 years David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 4 / 34

The Decibel Unit System Decibel [dB]: Express the ratio of two values ( P 0 , P 1 ) of a physical quantity: � P 1 � L dB = 10 · log 10 P 0 Expression of intensities of radio waves or reflection coefficients. David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 5 / 34

The Decibel Unit System Decibels per milliwatt [dBm]: Absolute value of a physical quantity requires a reference value ( P 0 = 1 mW): � P 1 � P dBm = 10 · log 10 1 mW David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 5 / 34

The Decibel Unit System Decibels with respect to an isotropic emitter [dBi]: The gain of an antenna is given by the comparison to an isotropic emitter: � P max � G dBi = 10 · log 10 P iso Isotropic Practical antenna antenna Gain [dBi] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 5 / 34

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER (WPT)

Wireless Power Transfer 19 th century: Hertz & Tesla theorized the possibility of WPT Range Efficiency Nonradiative Low ”High” Radiative High Low ⇒ HEP: Inside detector not feasible yet, due to over- lapping frequencies, but RF-based WPT can be the solution outside Wardenclyffe Tower [13] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 6 / 34

WPT Technologies Nonradiative techniques : Power transfer per magnetic or electric field Radiative techniques : Power transfer per electromagnetic radiation Region Technology Range Frequency Inductive coupling Contact Hz-MHz nonradiative Resonant inductive coupling Meters kHz-GHz Capacitive coupling Contact kHz-MHz Microwaves m-km GHz radiative Light waves m-km ≥ THz David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 7 / 34

WPT via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances Nonradiative near-field magnetic resonance Setup: 2 self-resonant-coils 1 ◮ Source coil: coupled to oscillator circuit Theory 0.9 From experimental κ ◮ Device coil: coupled inductively to resistive load Experiment 0.8 0.7 η (Efficiency) Transfer of several tens of watts → 60 W light bulb 0.6 0.5 @2 m 0.4 0.3 0.2 Coupling coefficient: 0.1 0 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 Distance (cm) � → Resonance frequency 9 . 9 MHz κ ∼ ω/ L S L D [11] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 8 / 34

WPT via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances Future application of WiTricity [15] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 8 / 34

Optical WPT 600 Power received (mW) Optical Output: 3 . 5 W LED 500 → Wavelength ∼ 940 nm 400 Optical Input: Phototvoltaic panel 300 Prototype requirements: 0 . 25 W@5 m 200 2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (m) [12] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 9 / 34

RF-based WPT Function generator drives 14 dbi Yagi Friis formula: antenna @ 915 MHz � λ � 2 → Power output: 44 dBm P RX = G TX G RX · Receiver uses 11 dBi gain patch antenna P TX 4 π R Power loss: 20 dBm@5 m → 0 . 25 W requires 25 W source 25.0 0 Power received (W) -5 7.91 Data points Power loss (dB) Friis transmission 2.50 -10 -15 0.79 -20 0.25 0.08 -25 -30 0.02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Distance (m) [12] [12] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 10 / 34

WIRELESS INFORMATION TRANSFER (WIT)

Data Transfer Technologies Cellular technologies → LTE Advanced ≤ 1 Gbps Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) → IEEE 802.11ad ≤ 6 . 7 Gbps Short Links → USB 3.1 Gen 2 ≤ 10 Gbps ITRS wireless roadmap [2] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 11 / 34

Signal Transmission Wired : Data tranmission represented by electrical voltage → Transfered directly in original state as baseband signal Optical : Modulation of the light Wireless : Modulation onto carrier frequency → Signal lifted from baseband to higher frequency range → Signal modulated into bandwidth is called passband signal A(f) Passband Baseband Filter Filter f RF [10] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 12 / 34

Modulation Passband modulation is to encode digital information into a carrier signal for transmission. Motivation: Couple EM into space → antenna size function of wavelength: λ = c 0 / ( f √ ǫ r ) = 5 mm Multiple radio channels to broadcast simultaneously at different carrier frequencies David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 13 / 34

Modulation Passband modulation is to encode digital information into a carrier signal for transmission. Analogue Digital AM ASK Amplitude modulation Amplitude shift keying FM FSK Frequency modulation Frequency shift keying PM PSK Phase modulation Phase shift keying General modulation schemes [10] [10] David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 13 / 34

Choice of Modulation Scheme Factors influencing choice of modulation: ◮ Spectral efficiency → Efficient ◮ Power efficiency exploitation of bandwidth [bps/Hz] ◮ Implementation cost and complexity ◮ Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Modulation Modulation Demodulation IF Spectral efficiency c.c. 1 scheme c.c. c.c. [bps/Hz] OOK Low Lowest Lowest 0.5 FSK Medium High Lowest 1 MSK High High Low 1 OFDM Highest Highest Low 3 [9] 1 circuitry complexity David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 14 / 34

ON-OFF Keying (OOK) Principle of OOK [4] Spectral efficiency ≤ 0 . 5 bps/Hz OOK is a simple modulation scheme No large baseband circuitry needed → Specific form of ASK ⇒ Low power consumption Non-coherent demodulation Less stringent demands to noise, phase → Rx require no phase information from Tx and linearity due to low complexity David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 15 / 34

Payload Throughput Shannon-Harley’s Law: � � 1 + S C = B · log 2 N C � = channel capacity [bps] S � = signal power [W] B � = bandwidth [Hz] N � = noise power [W] ⇒ Minimum SNR is determined by the bit error rate (BER) ⇒ Depends on modulation scheme David M. Immig (PI Uni HD) WSAPT 13.01.2017 16 / 34