William Randall Spence Evan Due Celia Reyes Outline of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ANALYZING AND MONITORING ANALYZING AND MONITORING THE IMPACT OF THE THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS

William Randall Spence Evan Due Celia Reyes

Outline of Presentation

What is PEP Modeling and Policy Impact Analysis (MPIA)

Studies of Crisis Impacts

Community Based Monitoring Systems (CBMS)

Study of Crisis Impacts, Coping Mechanisms and Government responses in the Philippines

Next Steps

PE P Vision and Objectives

Vision

PEP is a global network of developing country

researchers with the skills and reputation to participate in and influence national and international academic and policy debates on poverty issues

Objectives

Better understand the causes and consequences of

poverty

Propose pro-poor policies and programs Improve the measurement and monitoring of poverty Strengthen local research capacity on poverty issues Develop new concepts and techniques for poverty

analysis

PE P: A decade of policy research and development PE P: A decade of policy research and development

Engage a critical mass of researchers in

developing countries

Foster comparative analyses across countries and

teams

Provide systematic training and technical

assistance

Increase visibility, dissemination and policy impact Interact and share knowledge with the other PEP

programs and projects, and with related national and international initiatives

Comprised of 4 sub networks – MPIA, PMMA,

CBMS and PIERI

Number of projects – 111

Research Themes Research Themes

MPIA

Economic Growth Public Spending especially on education and

health

Sectoral policies, particularly agriculture Poverty reduction policies Labor markets (migration, education, gender,

regulation)

CBMS

Poverty monitoring Targeting Gender responsive budgeting Local governance Localizing the MDGs

Research Themes

PMMA

Multidimensional poverty analysis Public spending and its impact on poverty and

equity

Growth and poverty dynamics Policy impact analysis Intra-household allocation of well-being

PIERI

Education Health Social protection

Financial Crisis Impacts

CBMS, MPIA, PMMA

PE P Network

Core funders – IDRC, CIDA, AusAID Main partner institutions - AKI Philippines,

CRES Senegal, GRADE in Peru, Laval, SANEM, OPHI, IFPRI

Collaboration with the UN

Support for CBMS implementation in the Philippines

• and. Kenya

CBMS-UNDP Development Grants Gender responsive budgeting with UNIFEM in Peru UNICEF commissioned study on the impact of GFC

• n child poverty

Preparation of Provincial MDG reports for

presentation in September 2010 meeting in New York

MPIA Crisis Impact Studies

CGE modelling integrated with household

survey data: microsimulation

Transmission channels:

Trade, Remittances, Foreign direct investment,

Aid flows, (Countercyclical fiscal policy)

Household consumption and welfare fall,

particularly poor households Bangladesh

Garment exports and manufacturing sector

declined

Decline in agricultural sector and overall GDP,

some expansion in total exports

Poorer households appear to be the major

victims

MPIA Crisis Impact Studies - MPIA Crisis Impact Studies - Preliminary results reliminary results

Pakistan

Declines of FDI ( 28%), foreign portfolio investment

(128%), exports (13%), ODA (61.3%)

Sharp decline in development spending particularly

health education, population and social security: serious challenges for MDG realization

Export declines hit high income earners, drop in ODA

was harsh on the poor

Philippines

Garment exports and manufacturing sector declined Household consumption and welfare fall, particularly

poor households

Decline in agricultural sector and overall GDP, some

expansion in total exports

Poorer households appear to be the major victims

KE Y FE ATURE S OF CBMS KE Y FE ATURE S OF CBMS

Involves a census of all households in a community Local government unit (LGU)‐based while promoting community participation Taps existing LGU‐personnel/community members as monitors Establishes database at each geopolitical level Has a core set of indicators but system is flexible enough to accommodate additional indicators Frequent, rapid, quickly processed and available results Inexpensive and paid mostly by local governments (more advanced systems like Philippines)

National Provincial Municipal/ City Village Administrative Structure Information Availability

CBMS can fill the gap

National surveys

CBMS

Decentralization creates new information demands that may be best satisfied with CBMS

Survi Survival al Security Security Enabling Enabling

• Health
• Food & Nutrition
• H20 & Sanitation
• Shelter
• Peace & Order
• Income
• Employment
• Education
• 1. Child deaths (0-5 yrs. old)
• 2. Women deaths due to pregnancy
• related causes
• 3. Malnourished children (0-5 yrs. old)
• 4. HHs w/o access to safe water
• 5. HHs w/o access sanitary toilet
• 6. HHs who are squatters
• 7. HHs living in makeshift housing
• 8. HHs victimized by crimes
• 9. HHs w/income below poverty threshold
• 10. HHs w/income below food threshold
• 11. HHs who experienced food shortage
• 12. Unemployment
• 13. Elementary school participation
• 14. High school participation

CBMS Indicators CBMS Indicators Dimensions of Poverty Dimensions of Poverty Core Indicators

• re Indicators

CBMS Core Indicators

USE S OF CBMS

Empowers community by building its capacity to participate

in diagnosing the problem, offering solutions and monitoring the impact of these solutions

Enriches existing databases both at the local and national

levels

Enhances the preparation of socioeconomic profiles as well as

development and investment plans

Improves the allocation of resources by making it easier to

prioritize interventions based on the local poverty diagnosis

Increases equity in resource allocation between communities

and households, as well as between men and women

Helps to monitor the impact of projects and programs, thus

contributing to poverty reduction efforts

Helps in analyzing the impact of economic shocks (e.g., price

shocks and global crisis)

CBMS Coverage CBMS Coverage

Asia Bangladesh Cambodia* Indonesia* Lao PDR* Pakistan Philippines* Vietnam Latin America Peru Africa Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Kenya* Nigeria* Senegal Tanzania Zambia*

II CAR I III IV-B IV-A V VIII VI VII X CARAGA XI IX ARMM XII NCR

16.6 29.8 34.1 22.6 35.3 23.5 32.8 33.0 29.8 31.4 31.5 24.9 22.6 31.2 32.7 34.0

Underweight children 0-5 years old 0 - 20 (Significantly below average) 20.1 - 27.6 (Below average) 27.7 - 33 (Above average) 33.1 - 100 (Significantly above average)

Source: FNRI, NNS, 2003

N

04/02/2010 15

Malnourished Children 0-5 years old, by regions

04/02/2010 16

Proportion of children aged 0-5 years old who are malnourished, by municipality

Province of Marinduque, 2005

Source: CBMS Survey 2005

Proportion of children aged 0-5 years old who are malnourished, by barangay

Province of Marinduque, 2005

Source: CBMS Survey 2005

04/02/2010

Proportion of children aged 0-5 years old who are malnourished, by purok and location of households

Municipality of Torrijos, Marinduque, 2005

18

Source: CBMS Survey 2005

Monitoring the Impact of the crisis using CBMS

I. Objectives

• II. Why use CBMS
• III. Impact of the Global Financial

Crisis

• IV. Mitigation Programs
• V. Conclusion and

Recommendations

OBJE CTIVE S OF THE STUDY

1.

To monitor the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on poverty in the Philippines

2.

To identify coping strategies of households

3.

To determine who benefits from government programs aimed at mitigating the impact of the crisis

4.

To provide inputs to policymakers in prioritizing mitigating measures to address the impact of the crisis on poverty

Why use CBMS? Why use CBMS?

Data from existing surveys are too

aggregated

Surveys on poverty are conducted too

infrequently – data, when they become available, cannot be used as basis for timely response

Absence of data on coping strategies of

households

Lack of data on access to government

programs

TRE ND IN GDP

Decreasing trend in GDP growth starting Q3 of 2007

Source: NSCB

Growth in Real GDP, 2004-2009

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Period Growth Rate (%)

TRE ND IN E XPORTS

There is an increasing trend in volume of exports starting March 2009 but year-on-year growth is still in negative territory

Levels and Growth Rates of Exports, 2007-2009

2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Ja n F e b M a r A p r M a y Ju n Ju l A u g S e p O ct N

• v

D e c Ja n F e b M a r A p r M a y Ju n Ju l A u g S e p O ct N

• v

D e c Ja n F e b M a r A p r M a y Ju n Ju l A u g S e p 2007 2008 2009

FO B value (in m illion U S dollars)

• 50
• 40
• 30
• 20
• 10

10 20 30 G row th rate year-on-year (% )

Source: NSO

TRE ND IN UNE MPLOYME NT RATE

↑ in unemployment rate by 0.3 percentage points in January 2009 (y-o-y) ↑ in unemployment rate by 0.2 percentage points in July 2009 (y-o-y)

Unemployment, 2007-2009

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul 2007 2008 2009

Period U nem ploym ent Rate (% )

Source: NSO

TRE ND IN LABOR TURNOVE R RATE S

Labor Turnover, 2007-2009

• 2.0
• 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2007 2008 2009

All Sectors Manufacturing

Source: BLES

Labor turnover rate for all sectors started to decline in Q2 of 2008 with the manufacturing sector posting negative turnover rate in Q1 of 2009

TRE ND IN OFW RE MITTANCE S

OFW remittances continue to exhibit general upward trend but year-on-year growth rates had slumped compared to previous years

Source: BSP

Levels and Growth Rates of Overseas Filipinos' Remittances (2007-2009)

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Jan Fe Ma Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oct No De Jan Fe Ma Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oct No De Jan Fe Ma Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se 2007 2008 2009

Period Amount (in million USD)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Growth Rate (%)

Amount Growth rate year-

• n-year

TRE ND IN OFW DE PLOYME NT

OFW Deployment, 2007-2009

200,000 220,000 240,000 260,000 280,000 300,000 320,000 340,000 360,000

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2007 2008 2009

Period Total Deployment

• 30.0
• 20.0
• 10.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Growth Rate (Y-O-Y)

Total number of deployed OFWS increased in 2008 but growth rate (y-o-y) declined during the 2H

• f 2008

Source: POEA

RE LE VANT TRANSMISSION CHANNE LS FOR THE PHILIPPINE S

1.

Overseas Employment and Remittance

2.

Local Employment

• A. Entrepreneurial Activities
• B. Wage Earners and Salaried Workers

DATA FROM CBMS

1.

Outcome Indicators (Overseas Employment and

Remittances; Local Employment)

2.

Impact Indicators (CBMS Core Indicators)

3.

Indicators of Coping Mechanisms (Expenses

• n Food, Utilities, Education, Health, Transportation,

Communication and Recreation, Sale and pawning of assets, Borrowing money, Seeking additional source of income)

4.

Access to Programs

COVE RAGE

No. Barangay Municipality/City Province

• No. of HHs

1

• Brgy. 192

Pasay City NCR 856 2 Poblacion III

• Sto. Tomas

Batangas 466 3 Villa Angeles Orion Bataan 354 4 Salvacion Puerto Princesa City Palawan 237 5 Masikap Puerto Princesa City Palawan 227 6 Gumamela Labo Camarines Norte 432 7 San Vicente Santa Elena Camarines Norte 225 8 Ando Borongan Eastern Samar 174 9 San Miguel Llorente Eastern Samar 269 10 Magbangon Cabucgayan Biliran 259 Population of 15,161 in 3,499 households in 10 barangays

Italy 7.1% Saudi Arabia 25.0% USA 14.3% Qatar 10.7% UK 10.7% Others* 32.1%

Many of the retrenched workers used to work in private households, health and social work, and manufacturing sectors.

RE SULTS: On Overseas E mployment and Remittances

• A. Returning OFWs because of Retrenchment (By Country)

Country

• No. of

OFWs Saudi Arabia 7 USA 4 Qatar 3 UK 3 Italy 2 Others 9 Total 28

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

RE SULTS: On Overseas E mployment and Remittances

• B. Wage Reduction among OFWs (By Country)

Qatar 7.1% Singapore 4.8% DPRK 4.8% Saudi Arabia 38.1% Others 19.1% Unspecified 7.1% USA 9.5% Hong Kong SAR 9.5%

Most common reasons for wage reduction is reduction in working hours, firm cutting costs and firm ncurring losses.

Country

• No. of

OFWs Saudi Arabia 16 USA 4 Hong Kong SAR 4 Qatar 3 Singapore 2 DPRK 2 Others 8 Unspecified 3 Total 42

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

RE SULTS: On Local E mployment

• A. Opening of New Business and Closing of Existing

Business

Entrepreneurial Activities

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Indicator Magnitude Proportion HHs engaged in new entrepreneurial activity 75 2.1 HHs engaged in an entrepreneurial activity 1,817 51.9 HHs which closed a business 19 1.0

RE SULTS: On Local E mployment

• B. Change in the Number of Employed Persons and

Amount of Monthly Income from the Business

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Indicator Magnitude Proportion HHs with significant change in the monthly income from the business 158 8.7 Increase 33 20.9 Decrease 125 79.1 HHs with significant change in the no.

• f employed persons in the business

6 0.3 Increase 3 50 Decrease 3 50

RE SULTS: On Local E mployment

• A. Loss of Job: By Sector

1.9% of those in the labor force lost their jobs. One fifth of the affected individuals used to work in the manufacturing industry. There was no reported job loss linked to the agricultural sector.

Source: CBMS Survey 2009 Industry No. % Manufacturing 22 20.2 Private households with employed person 15 13.8 Education 12 11.0 Other community, social and personal service activities 9 8.3 Wholesale & retail trade, repair of motor vehicles 8 7.3 Hotels and restaurants 8 7.3 Transport, storage, and communication 7 6.4 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 7 6.4 Financial intermediation 5 4.6 Health and social work 4 3.7 Construction 4 3.7 Electricity, gas and water supply 3 2.8 Mining and quarrying 2 1.8 Real estate, renting and business activities 2 1.8 Extra-territorial

• rganizations and

bodies 1 0.9 Total 109 100.0

RE SULTS: On Local E mployment

• B. Reduction in wage, Number of Working Hours

and Employment Benefits

With Wage Reduction With Reduced Working Hours With Reduced Benefits

• No. of

Employed Persons No. % No. % No. % Male 3,155 47 1.5 37 1.2 5 0.16 Female 1,891 36 1.9 36 1.9 3 0.16 Total 5,046 83 1.6 73 1.4 8 0.16

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Almost half of those workers who experienced wage reduction are employed

as plant and machine operators and assemblers. About 20% are service workers and shop & market sales workers.

Generating Panel Data Using CBMS

Definition of same household over time In CBMS, a household in 1st round is the same with the household in the 2nd round if it has at least

• ne common member in both the survey periods

living in the dwelling unit for the specified time. What is the main purpose of Panel Data?

• Helpful in monitoring the status of each household
• ver time through analysis of several phenomena

such as dimensions of poverty

RE SULTS: Panel Data

13+1 Core Indicators, Brgy. 192, Pasay City, 2005 and 2009

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

C B M S C o re I n d ic a t o rs 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 9 H e a lt h a n d N u tr i tio n P r o p o r tio n o f c h ild r e n a g e d 0 - 4 y e a r s o l d w h o d i e d 0 .0 0 . 0 P r o p o r tio n o f w o m e n w h o d ie d d u e to p r e g n a n cy r e l a t e d c a u s e s 0 .0 0 . 0 P r o p o r tio n o f c h ild r e n a g e d 0 - 5 y e a r s o l d w h o a r e m a ln o u r is h e d 0 .0 1 . 8 S h e lt e r P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s li v in g in m a k e s h if t h o u s in g 0 .3 3 . 1 P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s th a t a r e s q u a tte r s \b 0 .0 4 3 .2 W a t e r a n d S a n i ta t io n P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s w ith o u t a c c e s s to s a fe w a t e r s u p p ly 3 .7 0 . 6 P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s w ith o u t a c c e s s to s a n it a r y t o i le t f a c ili tie s 0 .0 0 . 0 E d u c a t io n P r o p o r tio n o f c h ild r e n a g e d 6 - 1 2 y e a r s o l d w h o a r e n o t a tt e n d i n g e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l 1 2 .8 1 9 .1 P r o p o r tio n o f c h ild r e n a g e d 1 3 - 1 6 y e a r s o ld w h o a re n o t a tte n d in g s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l 2 3 .3 2 3 .8 In c o m e P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s w ith in c o m e b e lo w th e p o v e r ty th r e sh o ld 8 .3 9 . 9 P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s w ith in c o m e b e lo w th e f o o d (s u b s i s te n c e ) th r e sh o ld 2 .2 2 . 8 P r o p o r tio n o f h o u s e h o l d s th a t e x p e r ie n c e d f o o d s h o r ta g e 0 .6 1 . 5 E m p lo y m e n t P r o p o r tio n o f p e r s o n s w h o a r e u n e m p lo y e d 1 7 .5 1 2 .6 P e a c e a n d O r d e r P r o p o r tio n o f p e r s o n s w h o w e r e v ic tim s o f c ri m e s 0 .0 0 . 4

*

* fo r

8.3 (2005)

Proportion of households with income below the poverty threshold

9.9 (2009)

RE SULTS: Coping Strategies

Seeking Additional Source of Income

The most common coping strategies adopted by the households is trying to look for work. Having a secondary job was also commonly adopted coping mechanism among households surveyed.

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Total Coping Strategies Magnitude Proportion Looked for additional work 219 6.3 Did additional work 167 4.8 Employed members not previously working 65 1.9 Looked for work abroad 53 1.5

RE SULTS: Coping Strategies

Tapping various fund sources

The most common coping strategies adopted by the households is borrowing money

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Total Coping Strategies Magnitude Proportion Borrowed money 1,401 40.0 Used savings 455 13.0 Sold assets 68 1.9 Pawned assets 166 4.7

No. % No. % No. % No. % Members who are studying used second-hand uniform/shoes 212 50.8 120 12 246 27.2 578 16.5 Reduced allowance for members who are studying 104 24.9 123 12.3 201 22.2 428 12.2 Members who are studying used second-hand books 147 35.3 115 11.5 159 17.6 421 12.0 Withdrawn children from school 5 1.2 21 2.1 35 3.9 61 1.7 Shifted from private vehicle/school bus to commuting 11 2.6 34 3.4 12 1.3 61 1.7 Others 8 1.9 12 1.2 13 1.4 33 0.9 Transferred children from private school to public school 8 1.9 21 2.1 3 0.3 32 0.9 Members who are studying skipped classes 5 1.2 6 0.6 13 1.4 24 0.7 Transferred children from daycare to homecare 5 0.5 2 0.2 7 0.2 Total Coping Strategies Urban NCR Urban Outside NCR Rural

RE SULTS: Coping Strategies

Education

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Most common strategies adopted

• 2. Reduced allowance

400 (12.2%)

• 3. Second-hand books

336 (12.0%)

• 1. Hand-me-down

uniforms 496 (18%)

RE SULTS: Coping Strategies

• A. Shifting of Children from Private School to

Public School

About 0.8% of students who were studying in a private school in the past school year moved to a public school in the coming school year (i.e., 2009-10)

• No. of

Students

• No. of Children

who Shifted from Private to Public School % Male 2,234 18 0.8 Female 2,074 15 0.7 Total 3,974 33 0.8

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

RE SULTS: Coping Strategies

• B. Withdrawal of Children from School
• No. of

Students*

• No. of Withdrawn

Children % Male 2,273 39 1.7 Female 2,094 20 1.0 Total 4,368 59 1.4 About 1.4% of students who were studying were withdrawn from school in the coming school year (i.e., 2009-10)

* Including those who are withdrawn in the coming school year

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

RE SULTS: Coping Strategies

Health

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Number Percent Shifted to generic drugs/cheaper drug brands 1,184 33.8 Used medicinal plants/herbal medicines 995 28.4 Shifted to government health centers and hospitals 760 21.7 Resorted to self-medication 710 20.3 Shifted to alternative medicine 445 12.7 Lessened the availment of medical treatment for any illness 183 5.2 Reduced prescribed drug intake 176 5.0 Did not buy medicine 172 4.9 Did not seek medical treatment for any illness 153 4.4 Discontinued intake of prescribed medicine 94 2.7 Others 62 1.8

RE SULTS: Access to Programs

Some government programs

Comprehensive Livelihood and Emergency Employment Programs (CLEEP) Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (conditional cash transfer) NFA Rice access program (price subsidy) Self-Employment Assistance-Kaunlaran (SEA-K) (credit) Philhealth Sponsored Programs (health insurance)

RE SULTS: Access to Programs

• A. Access to NFA Rice Program

Source: CBMS Survey 2009

Not all HHs in the lowest income quintile were able to access the

• program. Yet, there were households in the richest quintile who

were able to benefit from the program. Income Quintile Magnitude % of HHs in the Income Quintile who were able to access 1 482 68.9 2 375 53.6 3 258 36.9 4 165 23.6 5 87 12.4 Total 1,367 39.1

RE SULTS: Access to NFA Rice Program

Source: Authors’ calculations

48.9 % of all households who access the program are considered non-poor 35.6 % of poor households were not able to access the program

SITE LEAKAGE RATE EXCLUSION RATE ALL SITES 48.9 35.6 Rural 38.8 22.8 Urban NCR 87.8 44.6 Urban Area Outside NCR 41.6 47.9

CONCLUSION AND RE COMME NDATIONS GOOD NEWS The impact was not as large as initially anticipated. Modest increase in poverty is expected from the GFC. BAD NEWS Coupled with the impact of rice and fuel price shocks in 2008 and the recent natural calamities, poverty incidence is expected to go up significantly in 2009. Rice prices have not gone down to pre-price shock

• levels. Fuel prices have declined since the peak in

2008, but have started to go up again.

CONCLUSION AND RE COMME NDATIONS In response to the crisis, households adopted various coping strategies, some of which may have long-term adverse effects in the long-run Preliminary results on access to government programs suggest the need to improve program design and targeting efficiency. Need to put in place local monitoring system to provide basis for timely response

Implications on achieving the MDGs Implications on achieving the MDGs

Results imply greater challenges to reach

some of the MDGs:

Goal 1

Halve income poverty by 2015 Achieve full employment Halve the proportion of people who

suffer from hunger

Goal 2 – Achieve universal access to

education

Goal 3 – Promote gender equality Goal 4 – Reduce child mortality

Next steps: Collaboration

PEP collaboration with UNESCAP and other UN agencies

• What are the potential areas of common interest?
• Involvement through other existing networks, such as ARTNeT and

the Social Protection in Asia network

• Involvement of UN Commissions in PEP conferences (e.g.

ECA/Addis). PEP studies on crisis to be completed and presented in Dakar on June 12-18

• Conference in September on the impacts of the GFC, implications

and future priorities

Other potential collaboration

MDG monitoring Macroeconomic policy Risk mitigation and social protection Labour markets and Migration Fiscal Policy and Accountability

Next steps: Collaboration

Feeding evidence to policymakers in Asia – example :

evaluation of conditional cash transfers

Research to Policy and Practice (R2PP)

Learning from best practice and sharing of experiences: e.g.

Vietnamese Economics Research Network and ECNA

Building capacity for communicating research results to policy makers

Research Networks as Platforms for collaboration Social Protection in Asia ARTNeT PEP Development Analysis Network in the GMS Environmental Economics Program in South East Asia LIRNE Asia Global Development Network; EADN

Next steps: Collaboration

Other institutional platforms for joint cooperation

ASEAN / APEC: on regional integration GMS SAARC ERIA; ADBI; Policy Research Institutions: Tsinghua; LKY; UNU-WIDER

Other Suggestions?

Thank You!

• Dr. W. R. Spence

Economic and Social Development Affiliates rspence@gmail.com

• Dr. Celia Reyes

PEP­CBMS Network Office (Asia) Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies Email at: reyesc@dls­csb.edu.ph Website: www.pep­net.org

• Dr. Evan Due

International Development Research Centre edue@idrc.org.sg