“The pow er of Rhetoric” “The pow er of Rhetoric” Contact: Contact: EMMA REYES REYES EMMA REYES REYES Ph-D Applied Physics Department Ph-D Applied Physics Department University of Cadiz University of Cadiz E-mail: emma.reyes@uca.es E-mail: emma.reyes@uca.es “This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein."
Outlines • I NTRODUCTI ON – What is “Rhetoric”? – The power of “Rhetoric” – The use of “Rhetoric” for Stakeholders • BASI CS FOR ORAL PRESENTATI ONS – Content: Information to be included – Format: Information design • GI VI NG AN ORAL PRESENTATI ON – 10 Simples Rules for making a good oral presentation ( Philip E. Bourne ) – Good and Bad practices • POSTER PRESENTATI ONS – How to design a poster? – How to present a poster?
W hat is “rhetoric”? • Rhetoric: the intentional use of language to influence an audience • Parts and functions of Rhetoric: I nvention: To discover the available means of persuasion. Arrangem ent: To select and assemble the argument effectively. Style: To present the argument cogently and eloquently. Mem ory: To speak extemporaneously. Delivery: To effectively use voice, gestures, text, and images. The five canons of Rhetoric INTRODUCTION
W hat is “rhetoric”? • Every rhetorical act, every use of language, occurs within a rhetorical context, which includes at least 4 elements: Aim : Why are you speaking or writing? Subject: What is your message about? Audience: To whom are you speaking or writing? . Medium : How will your message be delivered or received? Four Factors in a Rhetorical context INTRODUCTION
The pow er of “rhetoric” Within the rhetorical context, we, as speakers and writers, make three types of appeals to our audience: AI M AUDI ENCE AI M Ethos Logos Pathos SUBJECT MEDI UM SUBJECT The Three Rhetorical Appeals to the audience INTRODUCTION
The use of “rhetoric” for Stakeholders Stakeholder engagem ent is I nform ation about building and Partnerships sharing and maintaining consultation constructive relationships PROJECT COMPANY over time. STAKEHOLDERS Participation Negotiation Key principles for stakeholder’s engagement INTRODUCTION
The use of “rhetoric” for Stakeholders Reporting back Providing m eaningful inform ation in advance Respect for local Tw o w ay dialogue traditions NO Dissem inating Diemination information I ntim idation inform ation NO coercion STAKEHOLDERS COMPANY I nclusiveness in representation Clear m echanism s Feedback Key principles of effective engagement INTRODUCTION
Content: I nform ation to be included 1.- Title/ author/ affiliation (1 slide) 2.- Forecast (1 slide): the gist problem “Abstract” 3.- Outline (1 slide): the talk structure 4.- Background • Motivation and Problem Statement (1-2 Slides) • Related Work (0-1 Slides) • Method (1 slide) 5.- Results (4-6 slides) 6.- Summary (1 slide) 7.- Future Work (0-1 slides) 8.- Backup Slides (0-3 slides): for expected questions 9. - Set out your contact details BASICS FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Form at: I nform ation design Make it Big • Make your presentations easy to read! • The title should have the biggest font size • The rest of the text should be bigger than 18 font size Keep it sim ple • Without many colours and without many FONTS and Styles • The rule 6 x 7: • Not more than 6 lines/ slide • Not more than 7 words/ slide BASICS FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Form at: I nform ation design Make it clear • Serif and Italics fonts are difficult to read • Sanserif, normal or bold fonts are clearer • Underlines = hyperlinks • Use colours to emphasize • DO NOT USE CAPITAL LETTERS • Mix case is much easier to read • Numbers = sequence • Bullets = show a list without priority, sequence, hierarchy • Increase the contrast Dark on light Light on dark Complement colours • Use graphs and images BASICS FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Form at: I nform ation design Make it progressive and focused • Use animations (appear and disappear options) Be consistent � Differences draw attention ☺ Differences may imply importance � Use surprises to attract, not distract And finally • Communication the key • Text support communication • Pictures simplify complex concepts • Animations for complex relationships • Visuals support, not distract BASICS FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Rules for m aking an oral presentation An excellent oral presentation does not require a brilliant orator - you can do it. • Talk to the audience • Less is more • Only talk when you have something to say • Make the Take-Home message persistent • Be logical • Treat the floor as a Stage • Practice and time your presentation • Use visuals sparingly but effectively • Review audio and/ or video of your presentations • Provide appropriate acknowledgments Practice, practice …. and practice again and again GIVING AN ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Good and Bad practices Do it Do not do it • Expectation shapes reality • Never admit to feeling • Be convincing, dynamic, anxious, unsure or unwell. enthusiastic • Do not add many dramatic • Make a dramatic opening effects. with the very first words • Do not give a monotonous • Move around a little speech. • Look at people • Do not ask a question that • Use a laser or stick (keeps invites a cynical answer one hand busy) from your audience • Speak clear and loud • Do not put hands into • Ask question, provide pockets answers • Never turn your back to the • Be self confident BUT audience humble • Do not spend your time • Respect time constraints with uninteresting material. imposed by the exercise • Never be arrogant GIVING AN ORAL PRESENTATIONS
How to design a poster? An effective poster is simple FOCUSED –It focused on a single message SI MPLE –It avoids saturating the viewer with text –It does not tell, it shows: graphics dominate. GRAPHI C –It uses a visual hierarchy for emphasis. ORDERED POSTER PRESENTATIONS
How to design a poster? W ork place, Fig X: Sm all Something important (big) TI TLE ( the biggest) institution’s Title makes a strong statement logo and w eb site Authors em ail@address.com Summary 2 . Result 4 .Result Context 6 .Sum m ary states results ( big) Explanations ( m edium ) Conclusion 3 . Result 5 .Result Conclusions s interpret results Fig X: Sm all 1 .Take- hom e W e Acknow ledge POSTER PRESENTATIONS
How to present a poster? For the 7 second For the 3 0 seconds Scientist w alking by: Scientist w alking by: • have an informative title. • put the conclusions at the top. • have one central picture or sketch illustrative of • use few words. your work. • use large fonts. • use simple graphics. • organize the information in a logical way. • use narrow columns (for speed reading). POSTER PRESENTATIONS
How to present a poster? For the 2 m inutes For the “I w ill read it later” Scientist fully stopping: Scientist: • prepare a 30 seconds talk • print small versions of your poster. • include some technical. details on methods. • put prints of associated papers. • include most important results. • include references. • let the person go. POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Acknow ledgem ents This case study has been prepared using the notes from the lecture by Veronique Garçon and Baris Salihoglu from LEGOS-CNRS, France, during 2006 Euro-Oceans summer school, modified from the original version by Corinne Le Quéré and Eric Saltzman, during 2005 SOLAS summer school. I wish to thank all those who have posted valuable information on the web and who make science accessible by teachers, students, and anybody.
Thank you very m uch for your attention!!!
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