wildfire in the Pinelands? Matt Ayres, Carissa Aoki, Jeff Lombardo, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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wildfire in the Pinelands? Matt Ayres, Carissa Aoki, Jeff Lombardo, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 15, 2023 747 likes •1.43k views

Ecology of southern pine beetle: a smokeless wildfire in the Pinelands? Matt Ayres, Carissa Aoki, Jeff Lombardo, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH www.dartmouth.edu\~mpayres Brian T. Sullivan, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Pineville LA

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Ecology of southern pine beetle: a smokeless wildfire in the Pinelands?

Dartmouth

Matt Ayres, Carissa Aoki, Jeff Lombardo,

Dartmouth, Hanover, NH www.dartmouth.edu\~mpayres

Brian T. Sullivan, Southern Research Station,

USDA Forest Service, Pineville LA

Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service,

College Station, TX

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Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis

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e.g., Dendroctonus in North America

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New Jersey Pines, Dec 2010

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Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)

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TEXAS

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  • No. of infestations

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Episodic outbreaks

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1987

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Standardized pheromone trapping survey Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service

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Bankhead National Forest, AL: 80 km2 infested during 1998-2000

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Bankhead National Forest, AL 80 km2 infested during 1998-2000 ~10,000 truckloads of finished lumber worth $50-80 million

Link to Ylioja et al. 2005. Forest Science.

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Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)

Smokeless wildfires?

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Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 Smokeless wildfires?

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Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)

  • Episodic and contagious.
  • Kills small to very large tracts of trees.
  • Reduces extent of mature forest.
  • Alters biodiversity.
  • Creates hazard trees.
  • Lowers property values.
  • Reduces recreational opportunities.
  • Destabilizes hydrology.
  • Alters N cycling.
  • Releases stored carbon from ecosystem.
  • Can change forest type (e.g., pines to hardwoods; forest

to scrub).

Smokeless wildfires? C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20

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Relevant to: biodiversity, wildlife, recreation aesthetics, conservation biology, fire management, water quality, economics, carbon storage …

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Climate Fungal interactions

Abundance Year

Tree defenses Specialist predator Scramble competition Forest management Forest structure Interspecific competition

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Aggregation pheromones - Mass attack

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Tree oleoresin

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Myrtenol Verbenone Endo-brevicomin

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N = beetle abundance R = per capita population change N R

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Link to dynamic visualization of spot growth

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Growth Photosynthesis Secondary metabolism

Water or nutrient availability

Carbohydrates (g / tree)

Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis

Loomis 1932, Lorio 1986, Herms and Mattson 1992, Wilkens et al. 1997, Warren et

  • al. 1999, Lombardero et al.

2000

Pete Lorio

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Predation

Turchin, P., A. D. Taylor, and J. D. Reeve. 1999. Dynamical role of predators in population cycles of a forest insect: an experimental

  • test. Science 285: 1068-1071.
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Intraspecific competition

Reeve, J. D., D. J. Rhodes, and P. Turchin.

  • 1998. Scramble competition in southern pine

beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ecol Entomol 23: 433-443.

0.4 0.8 50 100

Eggs / dm2

Probability of survival

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Oviposition and inoculation

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Mycangium of

  • D. frontalis

Photomicrographs by Stan Barras

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Mycangium Mutualistic fungus

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Insect – fungal interactions

Ophiostoma minus & Dendroctonus frontalis

Ayres et al. 2000. Ecology Lombardero et al. 2000 Ag. & For. Entomol Klepzig et al. 2000. Symbiosis Lombardero et al. 2002 Oikos Hofstetter et al., Oecologia, in press

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Number of samples

5 10 15 20 25 30 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Survival of D. frontalis larvae (%)

Outside O. minus bluestain Within O. minus bluestain

  • O. minus is an

antagonist of

  • D. frontalis
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Tarsonemus mites are mutualists with O. minus

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Tarsonemus mites

Link to video

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Sporotheca Tarsonemus krantzi

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Ascospores of

  • O. minus

Tarsonemus krantzi

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Other phoretic micro-associates

Link to video

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  • D. frontalis

Mycangial fungi Ophiostoma minus Tarsonemus mites Pine tree

+ - + +

  • -

+ +

An interaction chain

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Whitehall Road October 2011 (Bob Williams)

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Lower lethal temperatures

Time (min)

  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

5

Temperature (°C)

SCP = -12 °C = LLT

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Lombardero, Ayres, Ayres, Reeve. 2000. Env. Entomol. Tran, Ylioja, Regniere, Billings, and Ayres. Ecological Applications, 2007 prepupae adults pupae larvae

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Recent epidemics in north

Ohio 2000-2001 New Jersey 2001-2010 Kentucky 1999-2000

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Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2

2 4 6

Minimum winter temperature in southeastern U.S. has increased 3.3 °C in 40 years °C (residuals)

Tran, Ylioja, Regniere, Billings, and Ayres. Ecological Applications, 2007

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Southern pine beetle New Jersey

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Dendroica caerulescens Dendroctonus frontalis

20 40 60

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Birds / 64 ha

TEXAS

Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  • No. of infestations

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Richard Holmes et al., Dartmouth, Hubbard Brook Forest

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Rt = f (Nt) + εt Nt+1 = Nt ∙ exp(Rt)

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Per capita growth rate

Population size

+

  • Multiple equilibria model
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Per capita growth rate

Population size

+

  • Stable

equilibrium

Kendemic

Stable equilibrium

Kepidemic Multiple equilibria model

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Per capita growth rate

Population size

+

  • Stable

equilibrium

Kendemic

Unstable equilibrium Escape threshold Stable equilibrium

Kepidemic Multiple equilibria model

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Sharon Martinson

And Ron Billings, Tiina Ylioja, Brian Sullivan

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N, Abundance R, per capita growth +

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Carissa Aoki

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Jeff Lombardo

High basal area stand Low basal area stand

Date Windspeed (km / h)

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Becky Niemiec: ecological economics of SPB in The Pinelands

Advised by Professor Richard Howarth, Environmental Studies, Dartmouth. Rich’s homepage

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Milo Johnson

Link to Milo’s blog from The Pinelands

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Charlie Governali: predators of southern pine beetle

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N, Abundance R, per capita growth +

  • Environment affects strength and

domain of alternate attractors

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Management challenge Management response System response Theoretical model, uncertainty

Adaptive management

Repeat as needed

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Beetle abundance at time t Climate Bluestain fungus Predators Tree defenses Forest structure Beetle abundance at time t+1 Monitoring Suppression Prevention

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Nichols, J. D., M. C. Runge, F. A. Johnson, and B. K. Williams. 2007. Adaptive harvest management of North American waterfowl populations a brief history and future prospects. Journal of Ornithology 148S: 343-S349.

Strong density- dependent recruitment Weak density- dependent recruitment Additive mortality Compensatory mortality

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Duhamel de Monceau "Traité complet des bois et forests“1755-1768.

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