What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special: A View from Coffee Research Taye Kufa (PhD) Senior Coffee Researcher- Agronomist EIAR, Jimma Agricultural Research Center E-mail: tayekufa@gmail.com 15 th African Fine Coffee Conference & Exhibition Reshaping the African Coffee Industry for Productivity & Investment February 15-17/2017, Millennium Hall, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Doc ID Presentation Outline 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHY ETHIOPIAN COFFEES UNIQUE? 3. CHALLENGES 4. COFFEE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA 5. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 7. FUTURE PROSPECTS EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 1
Doc ID 1. INTRODUCTION ETHIOPIAN COFFEE • Primary center of origin & genetic diversity for Coffea arabica • Unique coffee production systems • Livelihood for about 20-25 million people • A total of 4.7 million small-holders & their families • Total area = 561,761.82 ha & Annual total production = 419,980 tons • Average national productivity = 748 kg/ha green coffee yield. • Share of total traded coffees (sundried 69.6 % & washed 30.4%) • Average export value accounted for 29% total export & 37% agricultural commodity – past ten-years (2006-2015). • High domestic consumption (55-56%) Sources: MoT & CSA (2015) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 2
Doc ID Top ten coffee producing countries 2010-2014 (ICO 2015) Country Species Total production % share of world (000 bags) total A/R Brazil 47380 33.55 A/R Vietnam 25300 17.89 A Colombia 10145 7.16 R/A Indonesia 10096 7.11 A Ethiopia 6737 4.79 A Honduras 5148 3.65 R/A India 5044 3.57 A Peru 4223 3.00 A Mexico 4141 2.94 R/A Uganda 3516 2.49 A = Arabica, R = Robusta Ethiopia = First in Africa & 2 nd Arabica coffee producer in the world. . EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 3
Doc ID Coffee Production & Productivity (2011 - 2015) Increase b/n 2011& 2015 Area = 14 % Production = 13% Productivity = 2 % Hence, expand at new potential & major coffee areas Source: CSA 2015 EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 4
Doc ID Estimated yield gaps b/n coffee system & national average (748 kg/ha) Coffee yield % yield gap from Coffee System (kg/ha) % increase national average Forest 250 - -199 Semi-forest 450 44 -66 Garden /cottage 750 40 0.3 Plantation/commercial 900 17 17 Research (On-farm) 1550 42 52 Research (On-station) 2150 28 65 The forest coffee system (35-45%) Has multiple benefits (socio-cultural, environmental aspects) But, NOT economical = low coffee yield, inefficient incentive mechanisms /no unique marketing system- certification standard. . EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 5
Doc ID Trends of arrival coffee to the Central Market (2007-2015) Average annual growth rates - washed (3.53%) & sundried (1.12%) Coffee processing: Based on AEZ & production system Changing consumers-demand & prices- profitability. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 6
Doc ID Shares of coffee export in Ethiopia for 10-years (2006-2015) Coffee export value accounted for 44-45% share to the total exports, but declined to 23-26% in recent time Trade diversifications – Agricultural, Industrial & Mining Products and price volatility in world coffee markets- still a leading export crop. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 7
Doc ID Coffee trends in Ethiopia (1990-2014)- ICO 2014 Total production Total export Domestc consumption 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Production, export & local consumption (thousand 60 kg bags) Oscillating total export – world coffee supply & prices Increasing domestic use – Population growth, economic development, traditional coffee ceremony ( Jebena coffee) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 8
Doc ID 2. `What Make Ethiopian Coffees Unique? High coffee genetic diversity for desirable traits Wide suitable environments – varying ranges Possibility to promote single origin specialty coffees Farmers’ traditional knowledge & experience Small-holders crop (> 90%) – organic farming Shade-grown coffee landscapes Natural coffee forests- UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Known coffee brands & quality – for global supply Support from GOE – GTP & beyond targets Coffee and Tea D & M Authority Modern coffee marketing system (ECX) Annual Coffee Day Celebration/platform Importance of coffee- it is life! Increasing domestic consumption , among others. EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 9
Doc ID 2. `UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES…. Huge Coffee Genetic Resources Arabica alone = 10,573 and 89.85% of the Arabica gene pools is found in Ethiopia (Balechew & Labouisse, 2006). Surendra (2008) reported about 99.8% Arabica germplasm in Ethiopia Conservatio ion (Ex-situ itu & in-situ itu) A total of 11,691 Arabica coffee germplasm in Ethiopia (Taye 2010). To date, a total of 12,654 Arabica coffee germplasm collected and ex-situ conserved in field gene banks in Ethiopia. Coffee Natural Forests of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves The Yayu Coffee Forest The Kafa Coffee Forest The Sheka Forest. More potential coffe fee gene pools (fo forest & garde den systems ) remain unadd ddressed. d. EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 10
Doc ID 2. `UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES….. Peculiar quality/typicity for major coffee areas: • Limmu = Winy • Wellega = Fruity • Harar = Mocha • Sidama = Spicy • Yirgacheffe = Floral • Other areas = cup profiles ? Environments, Genetics, GxE, Processing Friable texture (sandy = poor quality, higher clay & silt = good quality ) Higher P, K, pH, Mg, Mn & Zn = more aroma Moisture gradients Elevation & shade conditions Agro-ecology & science based quality management and use – Local landrace research strategy EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 11
Doc ID 3. CHALLENGES • Population growth, deforestation & land degradation • Increasing cost of inputs & volatile world coffee prices • Limited incentives to traditional & shade-coffee landscapes Shift to other crops (farmers) & business (youth) Climate change and variability (biotic & abiotic stresses) • Weak or lack of linkages among coffee stakeholders & partners • Capacity limitations (Research, extension & other actors) • Loss of coffee genetic resources- risk to global coffee sector EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 12
Doc ID 4 COFFEE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA Started in 1967 (50-years) FAO, World Bank, EU Ten Coffee Research Centres Main center- Jimma Sub-centers Trial stations Adaptive sites/demos Mainly EU-CIP support. Vision: Becoming centre of excellence for arabica coffee research & training in Africa. EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 13
Doc ID 4 COFFEE RESEARCH…. Coffee research centers in the major coffee growing areas Center Establishment Elevation Mandate Areas year (GC) (m.a.s.l) Jimma 1967 1753 Jimma/Limu Gera 1974 1900 Jimma/Gera highland Agaro 1973 1630 Limu/Jimma Metu 1974 1550 Illu Ababora Haru 1998 1750 West Wellega Mugi 1973 1553 Kelem Wollega Tepi 1976 1200 Tepi/Bebeka Mechara 2005 1800 West Hararghe Awada 1997 1740 Sidama Wenago 1974 1850 Yirgacheffe Major Contributions Safeguard coffee genetic resources due to CBD 1971 Conserving coffee genetic resources for research works Nationally coordinating coffee research to generate & promote coffee technologies, information & knowledge Increasing coffee production, productivity & export earning. EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et 14
Doc ID KEY RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS 5 • 6,923 original collections, 5853 alive (85%) at research field gene banks • 40 coffee varieties developed & released (34 pure lines + 6 hybrids) • 83 promising genotypes (63 pure lines & 20 hybrids ) identified • Improved agronomic practices (seed, nursery & field management) • Coffee processing & quality research findings • Produce and supply quality coffee seeds & seedlings • Vegetative propagation for hybrid coffee varieties – cuttings & TC • Coffee diversification crops: technologies, information & knowledge National Coffee R & D Workshop (Girma et al ., 2018). EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 15
Doc ID 5 ACHIEVEMENTS... Variety Devt Released coffee varieties (n = 40) 14 12 10 Variety Coffee yield (kg/ha) Number Pure line Hybrid 8 On-station On-farm 6 Pure lines 1750 1150 4 2 0 Hybrids 2500 1950 Release Year Coffee variety : Criteria: High yielding, resistance to disease, quality standard/flavor 13 CBD selections, 6 for lowlands (Tepi/Bebeka), 5 for highlands, 4 for Wellega, 4 for Sidama/Yirgacheffe, and 4 for Harar areas) Hybrids = 40-70% increase on research plots (on-station & on-farm) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 16
Doc ID 5 ACHIEVEMENTS…. Yield levels of coffee varieties at suitable areas Agro-ecology Number of Clean coffee yield (kg/ha) varieties Research plot On-farm Highland 7 1930 1340 Midland 9 1934 1349 Mid to highland 13 1753 853 Lowland 5 1878 1098 Low to midland 3 1820 1400 Low to highland 3 1725 850 Elevation: Lowland = 1000-1550, Midland = 1550-1750 & Highland = 1750-2100 masl. Coffee technology = specific to ago-ecological zone for single origin coffees EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et 17
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