What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special: A View from Coffee Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special: A View from Coffee Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special: A View from Coffee Research Taye Kufa (PhD) Senior Coffee Researcher- Agronomist EIAR, Jimma Agricultural Research Center E-mail: tayekufa@gmail.com 15 th African Fine Coffee Conference & Exhibition

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What Make Ethiopian Coffees Special:

A View from Coffee Research

15th African Fine Coffee Conference & Exhibition

Reshaping the African Coffee Industry for Productivity & Investment

February 15-17/2017, Millennium Hall, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Taye Kufa (PhD)

Senior Coffee Researcher- Agronomist EIAR, Jimma Agricultural Research Center E-mail: tayekufa@gmail.com

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Presentation Outline

  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. WHY ETHIOPIAN COFFEES UNIQUE?
  • 3. CHALLENGES
  • 4. COFFEE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA
  • 5. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS
  • 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • 7. FUTURE PROSPECTS

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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1. INTRODUCTION

ETHIOPIAN COFFEE

  • Primary center of origin & genetic diversity for Coffea arabica
  • Unique coffee production systems
  • Livelihood for about 20-25 million people
  • A total of 4.7 million small-holders & their families
  • Total area = 561,761.82 ha & Annual total production = 419,980 tons
  • Average national productivity = 748 kg/ha green coffee yield.
  • Share of total traded coffees (sundried 69.6 % & washed 30.4%)
  • Average export value accounted for 29% total export & 37% agricultural

commodity – past ten-years (2006-2015).

  • High domestic consumption (55-56%)

Sources: MoT & CSA (2015)

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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Top ten coffee producing countries 2010-2014 (ICO 2015)

Country Species Total production (000 bags) % share of world total Brazil A/R 47380 33.55 Vietnam A/R 25300 17.89 Colombia A 10145 7.16 Indonesia R/A 10096 7.11 Ethiopia A 6737 4.79 Honduras A 5148 3.65 India R/A 5044 3.57 Peru A 4223 3.00 Mexico A 4141 2.94 Uganda R/A 3516 2.49

A = Arabica, R = Robusta

Ethiopia = First in Africa & 2nd Arabica coffee producer in the world. . EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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Coffee Production & Productivity (2011 - 2015)

Increase b/n 2011& 2015

 Area = 14 %  Production = 13%  Productivity = 2 %

Hence, expand at new potential & major coffee areas EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et Source: CSA 2015

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Estimated yield gaps b/n coffee system & national average (748 kg/ha) Coffee System Coffee yield (kg/ha) % increase % yield gap from national average Forest 250

  • 199

Semi-forest 450 44

  • 66

Garden /cottage 750 40 0.3 Plantation/commercial 900 17 17 Research (On-farm) 1550 42 52 Research (On-station) 2150 28 65

The forest coffee system (35-45%)

  • Has multiple benefits (socio-cultural, environmental aspects)
  • But, NOT economical = low coffee yield, inefficient incentive

mechanisms /no unique marketing system- certification standard.

.

EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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Trends of arrival coffee to the Central Market (2007-2015)  Average annual growth rates - washed (3.53%) & sundried (1.12%)  Coffee processing: Based on AEZ & production system  Changing consumers-demand & prices- profitability.

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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Shares of coffee export in Ethiopia for 10-years (2006-2015)  Coffee export value accounted for 44-45% share to the total

exports, but declined to 23-26% in recent time

 Trade diversifications – Agricultural, Industrial & Mining Products

and price volatility in world coffee markets- still a leading export crop. EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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8 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Total production Total export Domestc consumption

Production, export & local consumption (thousand 60 kg bags)

Coffee trends in Ethiopia (1990-2014)- ICO 2014

Oscillating total export – world coffee supply & prices Increasing domestic use – Population growth, economic development, traditional coffee ceremony (Jebena coffee) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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2. `What Make Ethiopian Coffees Unique?

High coffee genetic diversity for desirable traits

Wide suitable environments – varying ranges

Possibility to promote single origin specialty coffees

Farmers’ traditional knowledge & experience

Small-holders crop (> 90%) – organic farming

Shade-grown coffee landscapes

Natural coffee forests- UNESCO Biosphere Reserves

Known coffee brands & quality – for global supply

Support from GOE – GTP & beyond targets

Coffee and Tea D & M Authority

Modern coffee marketing system (ECX)

Annual Coffee Day Celebration/platform

Importance of coffee- it is life!

Increasing domestic consumption , among others.

EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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  • 2. `UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES….
  • Arabica alone = 10,573 and 89.85% of the Arabica gene pools is found in

Ethiopia (Balechew & Labouisse, 2006).

  • Surendra (2008) reported about 99.8% Arabica germplasm in Ethiopia

Conservatio ion (Ex-situ itu & in-situ itu)

  • A total of 11,691 Arabica coffee germplasm in Ethiopia (Taye 2010).
  • To date, a total of 12,654 Arabica coffee germplasm collected and ex-situ

conserved in field gene banks in Ethiopia. Coffee Natural Forests of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves

The Yayu Coffee Forest The Kafa Coffee Forest  The Sheka Forest.

  • More potential coffe

fee gene pools (fo forest & garde den systems ) remain unadd ddressed. d.

Huge Coffee Genetic Resources EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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  • 2. `UNIQUE OPPORTUNITIES…..

Peculiar quality/typicity for major coffee areas:

  • Limmu = Winy
  • Wellega = Fruity
  • Harar = Mocha
  • Sidama = Spicy
  • Yirgacheffe = Floral
  • Other areas = cup profiles ?

Environments, Genetics, GxE, Processing  Friable texture (sandy = poor quality, higher clay & silt = good quality )  Higher P, K, pH, Mg, Mn & Zn = more aroma  Moisture gradients  Elevation & shade conditions  Agro-ecology & science based quality management and use – Local landrace research strategy EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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  • 3. CHALLENGES
  • Population growth, deforestation & land degradation
  • Increasing cost of inputs & volatile world coffee prices
  • Limited incentives to traditional & shade-coffee landscapes
  • Shift to other crops (farmers) & business (youth)
  • Climate change and variability (biotic & abiotic stresses)
  • Weak or lack of linkages among coffee stakeholders & partners
  • Capacity limitations (Research, extension & other actors)
  • Loss of coffee genetic resources- risk to global coffee sector

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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4 COFFEE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA

Started in 1967 (50-years)

FAO, World Bank, EU

Ten Coffee Research Centres

  • Main center- Jimma
  • Sub-centers
  • Trial stations
  • Adaptive sites/demos

 Mainly EU-CIP support.

Vision: Becoming centre of excellence for arabica coffee research

& training in Africa.

EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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4 COFFEE RESEARCH….

Coffee research centers in the major coffee growing areas Center Establishment year (GC) Elevation (m.a.s.l) Mandate Areas Jimma 1967 1753 Jimma/Limu Gera 1974 1900 Jimma/Gera highland Agaro 1973 1630 Limu/Jimma Metu 1974 1550 Illu Ababora Haru 1998 1750 West Wellega Mugi 1973 1553 Kelem Wollega Tepi 1976 1200 Tepi/Bebeka Mechara 2005 1800 West Hararghe Awada 1997 1740 Sidama Wenago 1974 1850 Yirgacheffe

Major Contributions

 Safeguard coffee genetic resources due to CBD 1971  Conserving coffee genetic resources for research works  Nationally coordinating coffee research to generate & promote coffee technologies, information & knowledge  Increasing coffee production, productivity & export earning.

EIAR/JARC, www.eiar.gov.et

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5 KEY RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

  • 6,923 original collections, 5853 alive (85%) at research field gene banks
  • 40 coffee varieties developed & released (34 pure lines + 6 hybrids)
  • 83 promising genotypes (63 pure lines & 20 hybrids ) identified
  • Improved agronomic practices (seed, nursery & field management)
  • Coffee processing & quality research findings
  • Produce and supply quality coffee seeds & seedlings
  • Vegetative propagation for hybrid coffee varieties – cuttings & TC
  • Coffee diversification crops: technologies, information & knowledge
  • National Coffee R & D Workshop (Girma et al., 2018).

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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Coffee variety :

 Criteria: High yielding, resistance to disease, quality standard/flavor  13 CBD selections, 6 for lowlands (Tepi/Bebeka), 5 for highlands, 4 for Wellega, 4 for Sidama/Yirgacheffe, and 4 for Harar areas)  Hybrids = 40-70% increase on research plots (on-station & on-farm)

5 ACHIEVEMENTS... Variety Devt

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et Variety Coffee yield (kg/ha) On-station On-farm Pure lines 1750 1150 Hybrids 2500 1950

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Number

Release Year Released coffee varieties (n = 40) Pure line Hybrid

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5 ACHIEVEMENTS…. Yield levels of coffee varieties at suitable areas Agro-ecology Number

  • f

varieties Clean coffee yield (kg/ha) Research plot On-farm Highland 7 1930 1340 Midland 9 1934 1349 Mid to highland 13 1753 853 Lowland 5 1878 1098 Low to midland 3 1820 1400 Low to highland 3 1725 850

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et  Elevation: Lowland = 1000-1550, Midland = 1550-1750 & Highland = 1750-2100 masl.  Coffee technology = specific to ago-ecological zone for single origin coffees

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Mean coffee yield (kg/ha) & quality flavor of some coffee varieties released in 2010 EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et Specialty Area Variety Research On-farm Quality flavor WELLEGA Haru-1 1570 900 Spicy/Fruity Challa 1560 840 Sende 1610 920 Menesibu 1640 960 SIDAMA/YIRGACHEFFE Odicha 2020 1020 Spicy/Floral Fayate 1950 960 Koti 2110 990 HARAR Harusa 1600 870 Mocha Mocha 1350 720 Mechara-1 1190 820 Bultum 1700 930

5 ACHIEVEMENTS….

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5 ACHIEVEMENTS....

Agronomic /management practices:

 Seed preparation and nursery operations  Modern and forest coffee management,  Prominent coffee shade trees (temporary & permanent)  Canopy classes & stem nature of coffee materials  Spacing & population density  Old coffee rejuvination options  Soil moisture conservation  Soil fertlity and plant nutrient  Coffee by-product management (vetivar, EM)  Coffee-centered integrated watershed management.  Cropping patterns /intercropping,etc.

Coffee Pests:

  • Control of coffee weeds, insects and diseases (CBD, CDW, CLR)

Coffee Quality Research :

  • Harvesting and processing methods , quality profile.
  • Tissue culture & molecular characteriszation .

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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 Coffee shade tree species /management = Agro-ecology specific

 Promote ecological sustainability & biodiversity = Organic coffee farming

1801 1530 1520 1485 1467 1204 450 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Milletia Acacia Albizia Erythrina Calpurina Cordia

  • pen sun

Yield (kg/ha) Shade tree species Yield advantage (%) = 168-300

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et Coffee yield (kg/ha) under different shade trees at JARC

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Quality-Oriented Research-EIAR

 Accreditation to laboratories  Quality criteria revised & used –agronomic & variety  Q-cupper panelists –support from SCAA  World class coffee quality research lab & trained staff  Mainly from EU-CIP supports

5 ACHIEVEMENTS….

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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5 ACHIEVEMENTS...

Sourcing quality coffee seeds

To date, Jimma Research Center supplied :-

 Pure lines = 260,600 kg coffee seeds & 10 million

seedlings

 Hybrids = 153,600 & 1,200 seedlings using cutting & TC

method, respectively

 A total of 1235 (1227 farmers + 5 private + 3 others) were

participated as source of coffee seeds at each specialty area

(Limmu/Gera, Wellega/Gimbi, Sidama/Yirgacheffe, Harar) EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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5 ACHIEVEMENTS...

Established coffee seed orchards & FREG Coffee area Research center Adaptive site Total Orchard FREG Limmu /Gera 3 7 10 6 Wellega/Gimbi 2 4 6 5 Harar 1 1 2 5 Sidama/Y.Chefe 2 2 4 2 Total 8 14 22 18

 18 FREG established as coffee seed sources at each area  Demonstration of coffee agro-practices (120 farmers- pilot sites)

  • Still wide gap b/n annual demand & supply of coffee seeds
  • Attention to support the coffee seed system in the country.

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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  • 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • Scaling-up of suitable coffee technologies to narrow coffee yield gaps

between the national average & research plots- production & productivity

  • Agro-ecology & production system tailored technology generation and

transfer – mainstreaming diversification and/or intensification

  • Sound incentive for traditional & shade-grown coffee systems for

sustainable conservation of coffee gene pools and its environments

  • Promoting the Ethiopian Specialty Coffees for the benefits of all- Local

community & Farmers FIRST!

  • Strong linkgages between R & D actors in coffee value-chain at national &

internation levels,

  • In sum, advacing coffee science & technology for generating solutions to

strategic issues facing the coffee sector in Ethiopia & in Africa as a whole.

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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7.

FUTURE UTURE PR PROSPEC OSPECTS TS

  • Implementation of the Coffee Commodity Research Strategy (EIAR, 2017)

Develop coffee varieties with package technologies for each origin

  • Developing coffee wilt disease resistant varieties
  • Regular survey on coffee pests (weeds, diseases, insects) & management options
  • Protocol optimization for TC & mass multiplication of hybrid coffee varieties
  • Molecular characterization for desirable traits (disease, drought, caffeine, etc)
  • Coffee shade trees, coffee-agro-forestry, intercropping- diversifications
  • Coffee pruning & training, ecophysiology, resource use-efficiencies
  • Mitigation and adaptation to climate change & variability
  • Integrated soil fertility & nutrient management (soil acidity, plant nutrients)
  • Pre-scaling up of improved technologies (eg., variety, management, processing)
  • GIS and agro-meteorology for suitability mapping & modelling
  • Coffee processing & quality profile mapping – for certification & traceability
  • Coffee market research & value-chain studies, among others.

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

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Acknowledgements:

The AFCA conference organizers for the invitation.

EIAR/JARC, WWW.EIAR.Gov.et

Thank hank You

  • u !