Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in China Keqiang ZHANG - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Wastewater Production, Treatment, and Use in China

Keqiang ZHANG Professor, Ph.D tutor, Division Director Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MOA (AEPI) March 2013

Outline

Wastewater production and treatment

Wastewater use and disposal

Regulations/implementation of national guidelines

Future challenges

Current approach of the government related to

wastewater management Possible solutions to make use of wastewater safer

and productive

Water affairs in our life

River

Tap-water plant Receiving water body Groundwater Sewage pipe network

Municipal and industrial water utilization City Rainfall

Sewage treatment plant Rural water utilization

Domestic sewage

• Industrial sewage (in pretreatment discharge up to the standard)
• Industrial wastewater
• Initial rainwater (uncollected)
• Household

Public place Hospital (in disinfection and pre-treatment)

Sewage source

Wastewater production and treatment

Production Industrial source: 73.833 billion m3/year

Municipal source: 34.330 billion m3/year

(1st National Pollutant Source Census Bulletin, 2010)

Textile industrial wastewater discharge, Greenpeace, 2012

Fashion poison

Municipal wastewater drainage, Greenpeace, 2007

habitat or tomb?

72.9 7．Treatment Rate of Urban Domestic Wastewater （%） 82.3 6．Treatment Rate of Urban Sewage（%） 85.7 5．Recycling Rate of Industrial Wastewater（%） 95.3 4．Industrial Wastewater Standard-Reaching Discharge Rate （%） 0.93 Urban Domestic Ammonia emissions 0.27 Among：Industrial Ammonia Emissions 1.20 3．Total Ammonia Nitrogen Emissions（million ton） 8.03 Urban Living COD Emission 4.35 Among：Industrial COD Discharge 12.38 2．total COD Discharge（million ton） 37.98 Urban Sewage Discharge 23.75 Among：Industrial Wastewater Discharge 61.73 1．Total Discharge of Wastewater（billion ton）

Discharge and Treatment of Wastewater From 2010 Environment Bulletin

Treatment

Regular approaches

Advanced measures

Disinfection

Bio-chemical approaches Physical-chemical processes Physical, chemical, biological ways Bio-film adsorption Photo-catalytic oxidation Media filtration Ultraviolet Ozone Chlorination

from the statistical data on national sewage treatment facility put into service by 2009.

Oxidation ditch, 33.10% activated sludge process, 17.90% A/A/O, 16.80% SBR, 14.70% A/0, 5.50% BAF, 4.30% Physicochemical+ biochemistry, 1.90% secondary biochemical treatment, 1.20%

• thers, 4.60%

Wastewater Treatment Equipment

The history, including 3 stages, of wastewater irrigation in China began in 1956, and the wastewater irrigating facilities were built since 1957.

I 1956-1965 ： Wastewater irrigation could increase water and fertilizer resource, and this irrigating method should be Vigorously promoted; II 1965-1975 ： III 1975-about 1998： People start to doubt the pollutions from wastewater irrigation, but the area was still Extending. Wastewater irrigation had a violent development. The area were Increased to 3.618 million ha in1998.

Wastewater use and/or disposal

Sewage recycling

Municipal sewage treatment plant Urban recycling water plant Agriculture Industry Municipal administration and gardening

Life

landscape Ground- water irrigation Sewage

There are 5 relatively large wastewater irrigation areas in China, and that is Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang and Fushun, Shanxi and Xinjiang Shihezi.

Xinjiang Shihezi Tianjin Beijing Shenyang/Fushun Shanxi

The wastewater irrigation area are mainly distributed in the Yellow river basin, the Liao river basin, the Hai river basin and the Huai river basin, accounted for above 90%.

The major pollutants exceed the standard were total hardness, nitride, sulfate, total bacteria and e. coli. To soil: The physicochemical properties change of soil, such as Soil compaction, worse soil permeability, and secondary soil salinization and sodification. secondly serious organic matter and heavy metal pollution. The crops yields of Shenyang and Fushun wastewater irrigation area were reduced by 11,250-22,500kg/hm2 in recent years, compared to contrast area. Resource: China's Farmland Sewage Irrigation Development and Its Impact on Crop Research by Huang Chunguo.

Harms from wastewater irrigation

To crops: Heavy metal content exceed the standard, yields and quality decline. To ground water:

Regulations and implementation of guidelines

Official regulation

• Technology and Policy of Municipal Sewage Treatment and

Pollution Prevention and Control — Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2000 Covered: environmental protection, resource conservation and recycling, industrial sustainable development, biological and ecological security and healthy, etc.

National guidelines

• Guideline of Urban Sewage Treatment and Pollution Prevention

and Control Technology — Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2001 The Urban Sewage Recycling Technology Guide

— General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), 2012

National Standards

Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084-92)

The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Water Quality

Standard for Scenic Environment Use (GB/T18921-2002) The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Water Quality

Standard for Industrial Uses (GB/T 19923-2005) The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Quality of Farmland

Irrigation Water (GB 20922-2007) Technology Code for Municipal Wastewater Reuse in

Agriculture (GB/T 22103-2008) … …

Implementation of guidelines

Publications Available management on the water resource (Zhejiang province, Baidu) Publicity Poster (MWR, 2010)

Challenges

In Technical

Save the electricity and heat energy & Lower the consumption

GHG reduction during the course of wastewater treatment

Available approach about sludge treatment and recycling

Where is the reclaimed wastewater going?

In policy

Support of advanced technologies and processes in the sludge

treatment and recycling Improvement of market adjustment mechanism

In administration

Reinforcement of monitoring and management power

Feasible implementation of corresponding regulations

Energy consumption status analysis of the sewage treatment

E.g.: Specific power consumption distribution in the municipal sewage treatment plant (Dongfang LIU, 2010)

Power consumption in some plants Scale (104 t) Grade Consumption (kW.h) Note 1.2 2 0.218 Without Anaerobic digestion 2 2 0.232 4.5-5 2 0.335 1.4 2 0.255 With digestion

Power consumption from the sewage treatment accounts for 50%-80% of the total amount while the sludge treatment only accounts for 15%-40%. Sewage treatment is the key for the energy conservation.

The energy consumption for 1.0kg BOD elimination is 0.5kW.h.  Pollutants emission from our national power plants is nearly to 7.23kg/kW.h.  1.0kg BOD elimination will induce to 3.61kg pollutants emission (1.2kg wastewater and  0.37kg sludge) Sewage treatment is the industry with high consumption and high contamination. 

Energy consumption analysis of treatment process

Analysis of sewage treatment/energy consumption pollution

(Dongfang LIU, 2010)

Government’s approach to wastewater management Focal point transformation

Sewage treatment pond Producing source Requirement for the sludge disposal and treatment will

be gradually raised. Pertinent policy and criteria are going to be improved in

light of the aim “energy conservation and emission reduction”. E.g.: Environmental/ecological/green taxation set-up

Since about 2000, the government of China did not promote Wastewater irrigation on farmland. However state and local governments still support some research projects on reclaimed water irrigation (basically meet Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084-2005) )

Possible solutions

Thank you for your attention