V O L U M E 2 : A P P E N D I C E S
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDICES TO THE MAIN DOCUMENT 1. Acronyms 2. Glossary of Coastal Terms Regulatory Framework 3. Existing Regulations for the Indian Coastal Zone 4. Strategic Planning of Coastal Zone and Shoreline in India Coastal Systems 5. Indian Coastal Scientific Literature and Institutions 6. Coastal Processes Interventions for Coastal Practitioners 7. Design of Sand-based Climate Resilient Solutions for Coastal Protection 8. Seawalls- their Limitations in Climate Change Scenario 9. Groyne Design under Climate Change 10. Offshore Reefs, Breakwaters and Islands- Design Considerations for Climate Resilient Coastal Protection
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELEINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDICES TO THE MAIN DOCUMENT Project Planning 11. Data Collection and Modeling for Coastal Protection 12. Environmental Impact Assessment of Coastal Protection 13. Climate Change Projections for Indian coast 14. Using the WRIS Database for Climate Resilient Coastal Protection and Management 15. Economics and Life-cycle Costing for Coastal Protection Schemes 16. Island Case Studies 17. Calculating the Minimum Floor Level 18. Training Module for Climate Resilient Coastal Protection and Management
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION Regulatory Framework
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 3 EXISTING REGULATIONS FOR THE INDIAN COASTAL ZONE • Environment Protection Act 1986 • Coastal Regulation Zone Notification – 2011 • Island Regulation Notification – 2011 • Environment Impact Assessment Notification - 2006
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 4: STRATEGIC PLANNING OF COASTAL ZONE AND SHORELINE IN INDIA • Environmental The existing regulations provide a good basis for Guidelines for Develop- developing guidelines for ment of Beaches climate change resilience. • CRZ Notification Understanding effectiveness • EIA Notification of each of the coastal • Guidelines / Manuals protection measure is a must. for Coastal Protection New guidelines to • Draft National Strategy accommodate climate change impacts need to be followed. for Coastal Protection There is a need to make some • Shoreline Management amendments in the existing Plans (SMP) CRZ and other regulatory regimes in India.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION Coastal Systems
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 5 : COASTAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN INDIA Coastal Scientific Research in the following fields reviewed and key gaps identified providing a research direction for the future. A. Coastal Processes – Waves, Tides, Currents, Cyclones and Storm Surge B. Coastal Processes – Sediment and Shoreline Dynamics C. Coastal Ecological Processes D. Coastal Processes- Climate Change and Sea Level Rise E. Coastal Protection – Hard Options F. Coastal Protection – Soft Options G. Coastal Management
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 6 : COASTAL PROCESSES • How are waves generated? • Where do waves in India come from? • How are tides generated? • How are currents generated? • Climate change and extreme events • Tsunami • Beach responses • Sediment cell and Sediment pie • Stable (“Happy”) vs. Unstable (“Hungry”) Beach • Over-topping • Design water level • Coastal Processes in Climate Change Scenario
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION Interventions for Coastal Practitioners
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 7 : SAND-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR COASTAL PROTECTION 1. Dune Care: nurturing existing or artificial sand dunes, focussing on methods to enhance the dunes 2. Nourishment: Introduction of new sand to the beach system 3. By-passing: Sand trapped near a structure or river is moved past the blockage 4. Back-passing: Sand which travels along a beach is moved back to its starting point
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 8 : SEAWALLS- THEIR LIMITATIONS IN CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO • Engineering Design of Seawalls CASE STUDIES • Effectiveness and Impacts • D1 Visakhapatnam of Seawalls in India • D2 Puducherry • Limits to Adaptation for • D3 Digha, West Bengal Seawalls • D4 Valiathura, Kerala • Case Studies • Discussion
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 9 : GROYNE DESIGN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE Case Studies • General Theory Groyne Pairs at Puducherry • Computer Modelling of Groynes Groynes North of Chennai Port, Tamil Nadu • Case Studies Groin Pair at Panathura coast, • When and Where Thiruvananthapuram Should Groynes be Used Groyne, Gold Coast, Australia • Designing a Groyne Groyne field, Bournemouth, Field England • Conclusions Low-Crested Groynes, Point Lonsdale, Victoria, Australia
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 10 : OFFSHORE REEFS, BREAKWATERS AND ISLANDS- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CC SCENARIO • Theory of Offshore Reefs • Salients in the Tropics • Case Studies Gold Coast, Australia Borth, Wales, United Kingdom Kovalam, Kerala • Discussion
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION Project Planning
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELEINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 11 : DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING Discusses the requirements for Data Collection and Modelling for planning and implementing coastal protection measures. Important parameters: • Bathymetry • Wind • Sea Level • Hydrodynamics • Sediment Dynamics • Beach Morphology • Grain Size • River Flow • Water quality parameters
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 11 (contd..) : DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING The Power of Models • Modelling provides a vehicle by which coastal engineers can illustrate complex interactions, test theories and project future situations and outcomes. • Capable of reproducing all relevant coastal physical processes. • Rapid growth in the quality and ability of models
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 12 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL PROTECTION Structure of EIA Report The EIA Process • Introduction • Project Proposal, • Project description • Description of environment Scoping and • Anticipated environmental Consideration of impacts & mitigation measures Alternatives • Analysis of alternatives • Impact Prediction • Environmental and Assessment monitoringprogram of Alternatives • Additional studies • The EIA Report • Project benefits • Environmental Cost - Benefit analysis • EMP • Summary & Conclusion
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 13 : CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR INDIAN COAST • Climate & Climate Change • Climate Change Studies by Indian Institutes • Climate Change Projections o Cyclonic Storms o Storm Surges o Storm Surge Projections o Waves o Wave Projections o Sea Level Rise o Sea Level Trends o Sea Level Projections
Proposed Data Presentation in India-WRIS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION SLR trend from historic data
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION SLR Proje- ction 2100
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION Significant wave height projections 2050 & 2100
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 14: USING THE WRIS DATABASE • India-WRIS • CRCPMP Data Development o IIT Bombay o IIT Delhi o NIO, Goa o IITM, Pune o Climsystems, NZ • Quality Assurance Process • Coastal Data Proposed to Port in WRIS as Part of the CRCPMP • Data Format in WRIS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 15 : ECONOMICS AND LIFE-CYCLE COSTING FOR COASTAL PROTECTION SCHEMES Methodology Discount Comment • Cost Benefit Analysis rate Nourishment 1% Longlived, • Assessing Costs beneficial for full • Assessing Benefits sediment cell • Assessing When Benefits Offshore 3% Widen beach; reefs sediment stored Occur in the salient • Probability Matrix Offshore 5% Requires more breakwaters maintenance • Economic Analysis Low-crested 8% Can only slow Template groynes sediment losses • Not Quantified Costs and Groynes 10% Needs maintenance, Benefits impact on • Methods of Valuing downstream Economic Environmental beaches Seawalls 20% Beach is lost. Values Long term costs are high
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 16 : ISLAND CASE STUDIES Lakshadweep islands • Coastal Erosion and Protection • Understanding the Islands • Kavaratti Island • Shore Protection and sand sources Andaman and Nicobar Islands Conclusions
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION APPENDIX 17 : CALCULATING THE MINIMUM FLOOR LEVEL • Introduction • Physical Environment • Finding the Minimum Floor Level • Description and Equations for Finding MFL
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