[PPT] - Updates of Water Environment Governance in Malaysia Ang Shin Ying PowerPoint Presentation

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Updates of Water Environment Governance in Malaysia

Ang Shin Ying National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)

The 15th WEPA Annual Meeting 8 February 2020 Bangkok

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION STATE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATAER MANAGEMENT LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FUTURE TARGETS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

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INTRODUCTION

Water resources in Malaysia –

rivers, lakes, groundwater

Annual rainfall around 3000mm
Some 200 river systems
Water pollution – population

growth, urbanization, land clearing, increase of commercial area, industrial effluent discharge, domestic effluent, agricultural activities

Point source and non-point

source

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TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS IN MALAYSIA (2008 – 2018)

2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Total samples: 8,118 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 1353; 1,263 ambient and baseline stations; 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project Clean: 357 rivers (56%); Slightly polluted: 231 rivers (36%); Polluted: 50 rivers (8%)

58 53 51 59 58 58 51 58 47 46 56 34 38 36 32 34 36 39 35 43 43 36 8 9 13 8 8 6 10 7 10 11 8 579 577 570 464 477 477 477 477 477 477 638 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total Number of River Percentage Number of River (%) Year

Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River

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2017 2018

1 Class I 0.21% 305 Class II 63.94% 144 Class III 30.19% 26 Class IV 5.45% 1 Class V 0.21% 13 Class I 2.04% 417 Class II 65.36% 188 Class III 29.47% 17 Class IV 2.66% 3 Class V 0.47%

Total number of river = 477 rivers Total number of river = 638 rivers

CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA 2017 & 2018

Source: DOE EQR 2017 & 2018

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TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON BOD SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018)

53.3 32.4 18.2 9.5 7.5 0.4 0.4 17.2 26.9 41.2 44.7 57.3 56.6 40.7 22.9 26.8 15.3 29.6 42.5 17.8 26.3 37.0 33.2 35.8 58.9 76.7 73.2 84.7 70.4 40.3 579 577 570 464 477 477 477 477 477 477 638 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total Number of River Percentage Number of River (%) Year

Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River

2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 0 river; Slightly polluted: 141 rivers (29.6%); Polluted: 336 rivers (70.4%) 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 110 rivers (17.2%); Slightly polluted: 271 rivers (42.5%); Polluted: 257 rivers (40.3%)

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49 39 26 38 31 36 32 29 24 18 17 24 29 36 36 38 34 36 42 45 49 46 28 32 38 27 31 29 32 29 31 33 37 579 577 570 464 477 477 477 477 477 477 638 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total Number of River Percentage Number of River (%) Year

Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON AN SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018)

2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 86 river (18%); Slightly polluted: 234 rivers (49%); Polluted: 157 rivers (33%) 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 109 rivers (17%); Slightly polluted: 293 rivers (46%); Polluted: 236 rivers (37%)

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46 50 59 63 72 74 78 79 62 51 50 18 17 14 15 13 12 10 10 17 22 17 35 32 27 22 15 13 12 10 21 27 33 579 577 570 464 477 477 477 477 477 477 638 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total Number of River Percentage Number of River (%) Year

Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON SS SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018)

2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 243 river (51%); Slightly polluted: 105 rivers (22%); Polluted: 129 rivers (27%) 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 319 rivers (50%); Slightly polluted: 109 rivers (17%); Polluted: 210 rivers (40.3%)

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Water Pollution Sources BOD Load (Ton/ Day) SS Load (Ton/ Day) NH3-N Load (Ton/ Day) Manufacturing Industries 55 35 5 Agriculture-based Industries 133 39 11 Wet Market 6 8 0.3 Sewage Treatment Plant 242 303 162 Piggery 217 450 27

POLLUTANT LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2018

Source: DOE EQR 2018

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Sewerage Facilities 2017 2018 Quantity Population Equivalent (PE) Quantity Population Equivalent (PE) Public Sewage Treatment Plant (a+b) 6,871 25,258,155

6,932 26,128,858

a. Multipoint Plant

6,770 17,125,895

6,830 17,513,195

b. Regional Plant

101 8,132,260

102 8,615,663

Private Sewage Treatment Plant 3,603 3,373,471

3,841 4,010,610

Communal Septic Tank

4,359 531,127 4,231 515,527

Individual Septic Tank 1,354,986 6,934,008

1,357,553 6,998,919

Traditional System* 1,171,555 5,857,775

1,185,032 5,925,160

Network Pumping Station 1,183 n.a.

1,237 n.a.

Length of Sewer Network (km) 20,100 n.a.

20,225 n.a.

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

SEWERAGE STATISTIC-

*Pour Flush

Source: SPAN Annual Report 2018

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Parameter Compliance Level (%) (Target >90%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Average Suspended Solids (SS) 97.8 97.1 97.0 96.9 97.3 98.1 98.5 98.2 97.9 97.6 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 95.2 94.8 93.9 93.7 94.7 96.3 96.2 97.7 95.4 95.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 97.7 97.5 97.1 96.9 97.9 98.5 98.6 98.4 98.2 97.9 Oil & Grease (O&G) 99.1 99.1 99.1 98.6 99.1 99.5 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.2 Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N) 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.2 99.1 98.9 99.8 99.9 97.2 99.2 Average 97.9 97.6 97.3 97.1 97.6 98.3 98.5 98.7 97.6 97.8

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

COMPLIANCE WITH EFFLUENT STANDARD-

Sewage Effluent Standards Compliance for Public Sewage Treatment Plants 2010 - 2018

Based on Total Public STPs in December 2018 ( P. M’sia & Labuan): 6,745 unit

Source: SPAN Annual Report 2018

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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRY-

YEAR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS REGULATIONS

No. of Desktop

Inspections Compliance (%)

No. of Field

Inspections Compliance (%) 2018 4,549 99.6 5,663 99.6 2017 10,280 99.2 5,518 99.2 YEAR No of Inspections Compliance (%) 2016 14,995 99.0 2015 11,372 99.0 2014 11,410 99.0 2013 7,201 99.0 2012 6,597 98.1

Source: DOE Annual Report 2012 - 2018

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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRY-

Industry Action 2015 2016 2017 2018 Palm Oil Factory

No. of

Inspections 1,066 1274 378 (Desktop) 429 (Field) 715 (Desktop) 769 (Field) Compliances (%) 98 99 93.1 (Desktop) 94.4 (Field) 97 (Desktop) 95 (Field) Court 2 7 8 4 Notices 242 131 170 233 Compounds 38 51 64 43 Natural Rubber Factory

No. of

Inspections 175 149 47 (Desktop) 51 (Field) 103 (Desktop) 155 (Field) Compliances (%) 97 97 98.3 (Desktop) 95 (Field) 97 (Desktop) 97 (Field) Court 2 1 1 Notices 20 11 22 27 Compounds 4 2 4

Source: DOE Annual Report 2015 - 2018

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Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) – key legislative
Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2012 (Act A1441)
Purpose: prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of

the environment

Regulatory agency: Department of Environment, Ministry of Energy,

Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC)

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

Subsidiary legislations related to water environment:
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil)

Regulations 1977

Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural

Rubber) Regulations 1978

Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005
Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009
Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste

Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009

Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental

Impact Assessment) Order 2015

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 (ACT 127)

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WATER SERVICES INDUSTRY ACT (WSIA) 2006 [ACT 655]

 An Act to provide for and regulate water supply services and sewerage services  Objective : to establish a licensing and regulatory framework for regulatory intervention to promote national policy objectives for the industry.  Does not affect general applications of existing laws

n environment quality and land matters and existing

State powers on water source.  Approved in Parliament in June 2006 and gazetted on 20th July 2006  Came into force on 1st January 2008

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LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

Water Quality Related Standards and Index
National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia - DOE
Water Quality Index (WQI) for rivers - DOE
Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards and Index

(Revised) – Developed by DOE

Malaysian Groundwater Quality Standards and Index (2019) –

Developed by DOE

National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards (2015) –

Developed by NAHRIM (Approved by National Water Resources Council in 2015)

National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2000) –

Developed by Ministry of Health (MOH)

National Standard for Natural Recreational Water Quality and

Guidelines for Natural Recreational Water Quality Monitoring (Marine and Fresh Water) (2017) – Developed by MOH

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Guidelines/ Handbooks:
Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia (1996) – DOE, Ministry of Science,

Technology and Environment (MOSTE)

Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.1): Metal Finishing – Electroplating (1999) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.2): Raw Natural Rubber Industry (1999) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.3): Crude Palm Oil Industry (1999) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.4): Textile & Apparel Industry (2000) – DOE, MOSTE
Industrial Process and the Environment (Handbook No.5): Food Industry – Rice Noodle Processing (2000) – DOE,

MOSTE

Guidance Document on the Design and Operation of Industrial Effluent Treatment System (IETS) (2009) – DOE,

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE)

Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels

for Contaminated Lands (2009) – DOE, NRE

Guidelines on the Handling and Management of Clinical Waste in Malaysia (2009) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Storage of Scheduled Waste in Malaysia (2014) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines for Green Industry Practice: Juice Production Industry (2014) – DOE, NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines for Green Industry Practice: Printing Industry (2014) – DOE, NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines on the Disposal of Chemical Wastes from Laboratories (2015) – DOE, NRE
Guidelines of the Effluent Treatment System for Dairy Cattle, Beef Cattle and Buffaloes Breeders (2016) – DOE,

NRE (Malay version)

Guidelines of the Effluent Treatment System for Pigs Breeders (2016) – DOE, NRE (Malay version)
Guidelines for Green Industry Practice: Food sector for Slaughtering and Processing of Poultry (2017) – DOE,

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) (Malay version)

Guidelines on Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (2017) – DOE, NRE
Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Development in Slope and Hill Areas (2017) – DOE, NRE
Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Development in Coastal Areas and Marine Parks (2017) – DOE,

NRE

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

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INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

INSTITUTION/ AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION Federal Government e.g. Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Ministry of Health, Department of Environment, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Department of Sewerage Services, and other related ministries and agencies Policy matters Development of a holistic water policy for the country by setting policy directions National Water Services Commission Regulatory matters (Water Services Industry Act 2006 as legal instrument Regulate the water services industry (water and sewerage services) National Water Council (formerly known as National Water Resource Council) Water matters – cross boundaries/ inter-stated/ issue of national interest Ensures coordination between Federal Government and various State Government in water planning and development State Government Forestry Department, Town and Planning Department, Water Supply Department, Department of Environment, State Water Regulatory Authorities and other related agencies Raw water and land development matters Regulate raw water abstraction, catchment management, enforcement

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Implemented by DOE since 1978; comprehensive since 1995;

under Environmental Quality Monitoring Programme (EQMP) since 2017

Year 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; total station: 1353 manual

monitoring stations; 30 automatic monitoring stations; total sample: 8,118 samples

Year 2018: 1,263 ambient and baseline stations; 55 upstream

water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project

Frequency of sampling: 4-12 times/ year
Monitoring parameters: 30 parameters
Water Quality Index (WQI): indicate level of pollution and the

corresponding suitability in terms of water uses according to the National water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQS).

WQI: 6 parameters – DO, BOD, COD, NH3-N, SS, pH
Reporting system: Environmental Quality Report (Annual Report)

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK SURFACE (RIVER) WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018 DOE EQR 2018

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River Water Quality Parameters

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018

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Executed by Department of Environment, Malaysia under Environmental

Quality Monitoring Programme (EQMP)

Costal and estuaries: Since 1978 (Peninsular Malaysia) and 1985 (Sabah

and Sarawak)

Island Marine WQ monitoring: since 1998.
Objectives: to establish marine WQ status and pollution level from land-

based and sea-based sources

Year 2018: Total – 368 stations; coastal - 188 stations; estuary – 85 stations;

island – 95 stations at 79 selected islands

Year 2018: Coastal – 1128 samples; estuary – 510 samples; island – 570

samples

Frequency of sampling: 6 times/ year
Parameters monitored: In-situ – 6 parameters; Laboratory – 23 parameters
Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI): reflect water quality status and its

category (Excellent to Poor); 7 parameters: DO, NO3, PO4, NH3, Faecal coliform, O&G, TSS

Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK MARINE WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018 DOE EQR 2018

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Marine Water Quality Parameters

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018

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Implemented by DOE since 1997 for Peninsular M’sia; 2003 for Sabah and Sarawak

under National Groundwater Quality Monitoring Programme

Total station: 119 stations; 93 stations (P. M’sia); 14 stations (Sabah); 12 stations

(Sarawak)

From 119 stations: 10 extra monitoring stations built in P. M’sia under Groundwater

Monitoring Station Network in Malaysia under 11th Malaysia Plan project (2017 – 2018)

Year 2018: 109 tube wells; Monitoring based on specific land uses:
Agricultural (13), Urban & Suburban (12), Industrial Sites (19), Solid Waste

Landfills (23), Golf Courses (7), Rural Areas (4), Ex-mining Area (Gold Mines) (3), Municipal Water Supply (5), Animal Burial Areas (14), Aquaculture Farms (7), Radioactive Landfill (1) and Resort (1)

Measurement methods: In-situ (6 parameters) and Laboratory analysis (11 parameters)
Sampling equipment: hydro lift pump, HDPE tubing, water depth sensor, generator,

sampling bottle/preservative kit, coolbox and multiprobe.

Malaysia Groundwater Quality Index (MGQI): method to represent the groundwater

quality status and category based on scale ranging from 0 to 100 which is represented from Very Poor to Excellent.

Parameters for MGQI: pH, iron, total dissolved solids, nitrate, E. coli, phenol and

sulphate.

Reporting system: Environmental Quality Report (Annual Report)

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK GROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018 DOE EQR 2018

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Groundwater Quality Parameters

Source: DOE Annual Report 2018

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REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ENFORCEMENT METHOD/ REPORTING PENALTY EQ (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009

Industrial Effluent and

Mixed Effluent DOE 1. Self Regulatory Mechanism: a. IE 2009 Section 7: monitor COD and any parameter in Fifth Schedule b. Reporting: Monthly c. IE 2009 Section 9: Performance Monitoring of IETS – based on Guidance Document on Performance Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Treatment System d. Online Environmental Reporting (OER) 2. Site Inspection by DOE Officer IE 2009 Section 32: Penalty – If convicted, maximum penalty of RM 100,000 or/ and maximum 5 years jail and further fine of RM1,000/ day for continued offence

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Source: EQA 1974

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Online Environmental Reporting (OER) Frequency for Industrial Effluent or Mixed Effluent Discharge Monitoring

Standards IETS Max. Flow rate (m3/day) BOD Load (kg/day) SS Load (kg/day) Total Heavy Metal Load (kg/day) Frequency

f Analysis

Frequency

f

Reporting A 4 times/ month Once/ month B <50 <2.5 <5 <0.5 Once every 3 months Once every 3 months 0-200 <5 <10 <0.5 Once/ month Once/ month >5 >10 >0.5 2 times/ month 200-500 <25 <50 <2.5 2 times/ month >25 >50 >2.5 4 times/ month 500-1,000 <37.5 <75 <3.75 2 times/ month >37.5 >75 >3.75 4 times/ month <1,000 4 times/ month Source: DOE, 2015

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REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ENFORCEMENT METHOD/ REPORTING PENALTY EQ (Sewage) Regulations 2009 DOE 1. Self Regulatory Mechanism: a. Sewage 2009 Section 10: Monitor concentration of the specified parameters in Second Schedule b. Reporting: monthly c. Online Environmental Reporting (OER) 2. Site Inspection by DOE officer Sewage 2009 Section 26: Penalty – If convicted, maximum penalty of RM 100,000 or/ and maximum 5 years jail and further fine of RM1,000/ day for continued offence

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Source: EQA 1974

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Online Environmental Reporting (OER) Frequency for Sewage Discharge Monitoring

Discharge Standards STP PE

Max. Flow

Rate (m3/day) BOD Load (kg/day) SS Load (kg/day) AN Load (River) (kg/day) NO3-N Load (River) (kg/day) Frequency

f

Analysis Frequency

f

Reporting A/ B <1,000 <225 <5 <10 <2 <5 Once/ 2 months Once/ 2 months <2,000 <450 <10 <20 <4 <10 Once/ month Once/ month >10 >20 >4 >10 2 times/ month 2,000 <X< 3,600 450 <X< 810 <25 <50 <10 <25 2 times/ month >25 >50 >10 >25 4 times/ month 3,600 <X< 5,000 810 <X< 1,125 <45 <90 <18 <45 2 times/ month >45 >90 >18 >45 4 times/ month <5,000 >1,125 4 times/ month

Source: DOE, 2015

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REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ENFORCEMENT METHOD/ REPORTING PENALTY EQ (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009 DOE 1. Self Regulatory Mechanism: a. Section 8: Monitor concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen in leachate discharged from landfill on a continuous basis using online instrumentation system linked to DOE b. Section 8: Monitor concentration of the specified parameters in Second Schedule (limits) c. Section 11: Conduct performance monitoring

f leachate treatment

system d. Online Environmental Reporting (OER) Section 29: Penalty – If convicted, maximum penalty of RM 100,000

r/ and maximum 5

years jail and further fine

f RM1,000/ day for

continued offence

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Source: EQA 1974

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ISSUE, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

Issues and Challenges
Illegal dumping of wastes into the watercourse
Point source and Non-point sources pollution
Environmental Quality Act 1974 – Discharge control based on pollutant

concentration – river carrying capacity has shrunk – EQA 1974 not able to control the pollution entering the river

No regulation or standards for wet market effluent, car wash, laundry
Targets/ Plan/ Current Status
Review of the River Water Quality Criteria and Standard for Malaysia – Inception

Report (September 2019) – in progress

Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards and Index – Revised and published
Malaysian Groundwater Quality Standards and Index – Study completed in 2017 –

Published in 2019

Amendment of Environmental Quality Act 1974 – to be tabled in the Parliament in

2020

Amendment of Water Services Industry Act 2006
Water Resource Bill to be tabled in the Parliament in year 2020

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