Updates of Water Environment Governance in Malaysia Ang Shin Ying National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) The 15 th WEPA Annual Meeting 8 February 2020 Bangkok
PRESENTATION OUTLINE INTRODUCTION STATE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATAER MANAGEMENT LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FUTURE TARGETS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
INTRODUCTION • Water resources in Malaysia – rivers, lakes, groundwater • Annual rainfall around 3000mm • Some 200 river systems • Water pollution – population growth, urbanization, land clearing, increase of commercial area, industrial effluent discharge, domestic effluent, agricultural activities • Point source and non-point source
TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS IN MALAYSIA (2008 – 2018) 100 700 638 90 579 577 570 600 80 Percentage Number of River (%) 477 477 477 477 477 477 500 464 70 Total Number of River 59 58 58 58 58 60 56 400 53 51 51 47 50 46 43 43 300 39 38 40 36 36 36 35 34 34 32 30 200 20 13 11 100 10 10 9 8 8 8 8 7 10 6 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Total samples: 8,118 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 1353; 1,263 ambient and baseline stations; 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project Clean: 357 rivers (56%); Slightly polluted: 231 rivers (36%); Polluted: 50 rivers (8%)
CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA 2017 & 2018 2017 2018 17 1 3 Class V 26 Class IV Class V 0.47% Class IV 1 2.66% 0.21% 13 Class I 5.45% Class I 2.04% 0.21% 188 144 Class III Class III 29.47% 30.19% 305 417 Class II Class II 63.94% 65.36% Total number of Total number of river = 477 rivers river = 638 rivers Source: DOE EQR 2017 & 2018
TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON BOD SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018) 100 700 638 90 84.7 579 577 570 600 80 Percentage Number of River (%) 477 477 477 477 477 477 464 500 70 Total Number of River 70.4 58.9 76.7 73.2 57.3 56.6 60 53.3 400 50 44.7 42.5 41.2 40.7 300 40.3 37.0 40 35.8 33.2 32.4 29.6 26.9 26.8 30 26.3 200 22.9 18.2 17.8 17.2 20 15.3 100 9.5 7.5 10 0.4 0.4 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River 2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 0 river; Slightly polluted: 141 rivers (29.6%); Polluted: 336 rivers (70.4%) 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 110 rivers (17.2%); Slightly polluted: 271 rivers (42.5%); Polluted: 257 rivers (40.3%)
TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON AN SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018) 100 700 638 90 579 577 570 600 80 Percentage Number of River (%) 477 477 477 477 477 477 464 500 70 Total Number of River 60 400 49 49 50 46 45 42 300 39 38 38 38 37 40 36 36 36 36 34 32 32 31 31 33 29 29 29 28 27 30 26 200 24 24 29 32 18 17 20 31 100 10 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River 2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 86 river (18%); Slightly polluted: 234 rivers (49%); Polluted: 157 rivers (33%) 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 109 rivers (17%); Slightly polluted: 293 rivers (46%); Polluted: 236 rivers (37%)
TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON SS SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2018) 100 700 638 90 579 577 570 600 80 Percentage Number of River (%) 477 477 477 477 477 477 464 78 79 500 70 72 74 Total Number of River 63 62 59 60 400 51 50 50 50 46 300 40 35 33 32 27 30 27 200 22 21 18 17 17 20 15 15 14 22 13 100 10 10 17 13 12 10 10 12 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River 2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Clean: 243 river (51%); Slightly polluted: 105 rivers (22%); Polluted: 129 rivers (27%) 2018: Total rivers: 638 rivers; Clean: 319 rivers (50%); Slightly polluted: 109 rivers (17%); Polluted: 210 rivers (40.3%)
POLLUTANT LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2018 Water Pollution BOD Load SS Load NH 3 -N Load Sources (Ton/ Day) (Ton/ Day) (Ton/ Day) Manufacturing Industries 55 35 5 Agriculture-based 133 39 11 Industries Wet Market 6 8 0.3 Sewage Treatment 242 303 162 Plant Piggery 217 450 27 Source: DOE EQR 2018
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -SEWERAGE STATISTIC- 2017 2018 Sewerage Facilities Population Population Quantity Quantity Equivalent (PE) Equivalent (PE) Public Sewage 6,871 25,258,155 6,932 26,128,858 Treatment Plant (a+b) 6,830 17,513,195 a. Multipoint Plant 6,770 17,125,895 102 8,615,663 b. Regional Plant 101 8,132,260 Private Sewage 3,603 3,373,471 3,841 4,010,610 Treatment Plant 4,231 515,527 Communal Septic Tank 4,359 531,127 1,357,553 6,998,919 Individual Septic Tank 1,354,986 6,934,008 Traditional System* 1,171,555 5,857,775 1,185,032 5,925,160 Network Pumping 1,183 n.a. 1,237 n.a. Station 20,225 n.a. Length of Sewer 20,100 n.a. Network (km) *Pour Flush Source: SPAN Annual Report 2018
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE WITH EFFLUENT STANDARD- Sewage Effluent Standards Compliance for Public Sewage Treatment Plants 2010 - 2018 Compliance Level (%) (Target >90%) Parameter 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Average Suspended Solids 97.8 97.1 97.0 96.9 97.3 98.1 98.5 98.2 97.9 97.6 (SS) Biological Oxygen 95.2 94.8 93.9 93.7 94.7 96.3 96.2 97.7 95.4 95.3 Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen 97.7 97.5 97.1 96.9 97.9 98.5 98.6 98.4 98.2 97.9 Demand (COD) Oil & Grease 99.1 99.1 99.1 98.6 99.1 99.5 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.2 (O&G) Ammonia 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.2 99.1 98.9 99.8 99.9 97.2 99.2 Nitrogen (NH 3 -N) Average 97.9 97.6 97.3 97.1 97.6 98.3 98.5 98.7 97.6 97.8 Based on Total Public STPs in December 2018 ( P. M’sia & Labuan): 6,745 unit Source: SPAN Annual Report 2018
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRY- INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS REGULATIONS YEAR No. of Desktop Compliance No. of Field Compliance Inspections (%) Inspections (%) 2018 4,549 99.6 5,663 99.6 2017 10,280 99.2 5,518 99.2 YEAR No of Inspections Compliance (%) 2016 14,995 99.0 2015 11,372 99.0 2014 11,410 99.0 2013 7,201 99.0 2012 6,597 98.1 Source: DOE Annual Report 2012 - 2018
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRY- Industry Action 2015 2016 2017 2018 Palm Oil No. of 1,066 1274 378 (Desktop) 715 (Desktop) Factory Inspections 429 (Field) 769 (Field) Compliances 98 99 93.1 (Desktop) 97 (Desktop) (%) 94.4 (Field) 95 (Field) Court 2 7 8 4 Notices 242 131 170 233 Compounds 38 51 64 43 Natural Rubber No. of 175 149 47 (Desktop) 103 (Desktop) Factory Inspections 51 (Field) 155 (Field) Compliances 97 97 98.3 (Desktop) 97 (Desktop) (%) 95 (Field) 97 (Field) Court 2 1 0 1 Notices 20 11 22 27 Compounds 4 2 0 4 Source: DOE Annual Report 2015 - 2018
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 (ACT 127) • Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) – key legislative • Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2012 (Act A1441) • Purpose: prevention, abatement, control of pollution and enhancement of the environment • Regulatory agency: Department of Environment, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) • Subsidiary legislations related to water environment: • Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) Regulations 1977 • Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural Rubber) Regulations 1978 • Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 • Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009 • Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009 • Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 • Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015
WATER SERVICES INDUSTRY ACT (WSIA) 2006 [ACT 655] An Act to provide for and regulate water supply services and sewerage services Objective : to establish a licensing and regulatory framework for regulatory intervention to promote national policy objectives for the industry. Does not affect general applications of existing laws on environment quality and land matters and existing State powers on water source. Approved in Parliament in June 2006 and gazetted on 20 th July 2006 Came into force on 1 st January 2008
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