Updates of Water Environment Governance in Nepal Madhav Dev Acharya - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Updates of Water Environment Governance in Nepal

Madhav Dev Acharya

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal The 15th WEPA Annual Meeting 7 February 2020 Bangkok

Nepal in General

• Bordered by China in the North and India in the East, West and

South

• Mountainous Country: Himal/Mountain = 43%, Hills = 30% and

Terai Plain = 27%

Federal Structure of Democratic Republic of Nepal

Seven Provinces Province No. 1, Province No. 2, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province , Province No. 5, Karnali Province and Sudurpashchim Province Districts (77 District Coordination Committees ) Local Units 6 Metropolitan cities, 11 Submetropolitan cities, 276 Municipalities 460 Rural municipalites and 6743 Wards

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Bagmati River at various location (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Kathmandu Valley

Taudaha Lake at various locations laying in southern part of the in Kathmandu Valley

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Seti River at various locations (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Pokhara (West Nepal) Phewa Lake at various locations laying in city area of Pokhara (West Nepal)

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Narayani River at various locations around Narayanghat Area (Chitawan Nepal) Sirsiya River at various locations around Birgunj Area (Parsa Nepal)

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Tinau River at various locations around Butwal Area (Rupandehi Nepal)

Parameters Temperature (0C) TDS (mgL-1) EC (μs/cm) PH Alkalinity (mgL-1) Hardness BOD (mgL-1) DO (mgL-1) COD (mgL-1) Nitrogen (mgL-1) NDWQS

• 1000

1500 6.5- 8.5

• 500
• 2008

11 40 15.48 5.9 50 7

• 8.4

11 2018 8.2 22.4 33.2 7.27 24.5 20 2 7.9 5.5 7 Parameters Phosphorus (mgL-1) TC (colonies/ 100ml) FC (colonies/ 100ml) Iron (mgL-1) Manganese (mgL-1) Zinc (mgL-1) Lead (mgL-1) Chromium (mgL-1) Copper (mgL-1) NDWQS

• Nil

Nil 0.3 0.2 3 0.01 0.05 1 2008 112 58 0.04 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 2018 0.04 200 60 0.05 <.01 0.32 <.01 <.05 <.01 Comparison of Water Qualities of Sundarijal Water Supply Reservoir , Kathmandu measured in two different periods

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Physico-chemical Status of Groundwater of Kathmandu Valley.

Ground Water Source Temperature (0 C) pH Conductivity (µS/cm) Turbidity (NTU) Hardness (mg/l) Chloride (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Arsenic (mg/l) Fluoride (mg/l) Shallow Well 18.6 7.1 874.5 45.9 230.7 81.8 366.0 1.47 0.004 0.43 Tube Well 17.9 7.0 576.8 54.8 218.8 61.1 258.0 1.90 0.003 0.27 Deep Tube Well 20.3 7.0 704.2 33.2 251.2 59.0 302.7 1.80 0.009 0.74 WHO Guidelines NA 6.5 – 8.5 500 5 500 250 NA 0.3 0.01 1.5

Generalized Physico-chemical Status of Spring and Groundwater supply in Rural Area of Nepal

Source type pH Turb (NTU) EC (μS/c m) TDS (mg/L) Temp (0C) TA (mg/L) Cl (mg/L) N03 (mg/L) NH3 (mg/L) TH (mg/L) CaH (mg/L) MgH (mg/L) Iron (mg/L) Mn (mg/L) FC (CFU/ 100ml) Gravity water 7.85 0.87 205 82 20.4 99 12 8 1.0 83 64 19 0.15 0.05 110 Ground water 7.3 1.4 286 146 25.6 84 9 12 0.9 120 104 16 0.83 0.20 63

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Bagmati River at various location (Upper-inlet to Lower-outlet) in Kathmandu Valley

Sampling site Turbidity (NTU) TSS mg/l TDS mg/l DO mg/l BOD mg/l COD mg/l Fecal coliform CFU/100ml Total phosphate mg/l Fe mg/l Mn mg/l Cd mg/l Cr mg/l Cu mg/l Sundarijal 20 12 27 7.8 2 10 140 0.09 0.03 0.01 ND ND ND Gokarna 37 25 68 6.8 6 54 82x103 0.55 0.3 0.04 ND ND ND Jorpati 43 30 82 5.4 19 64 44x104 0.7 0.36 0.04 ND ND ND Guheswori 35 15 62 6 10 41 37x103 0.7 0.4 0.03 ND ND ND Aryaghat 30 23 78 5.7 6 51 42x103 0.57 0.36 0.04 ND ND ND Minbhuban 400 386 255 150 381 87x105 0.31 2.18 0.41 ND ND 0.05 Manohara and Bagmati confluence 456 441 208 78 153 51x105 2.18 2.07 0.27 ND ND 0.03 Thapathali 220 243 230 81 172 66x106 1.3 2.22 0.29 ND ND 0.03 Bagmati and Bishnumati confluence 200 208 198 99 184 92x106 1.19 1.86 0.25 ND ND 0.02 Sundarighat 152 191 252 130 278 11x106 3.5 1.47 0.24 ND ND 0.07 Chovar 244 234 202 122 300 54x105 2.44 1.02 0.07 ND ND 0.01

Sampling Date: 29.06.2076 (16 October, 2019) and 26.06.2076 (13 October, 2019)

Water Qualities of Some of the Water Bodies in Nepal

Monthly Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water Supply by KUKL in Kathmandu for December 2019

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management

Availability and Their Uses of Water in General: S.No. Sources Available amount 1 Annual Renewable Surface Water (billion m3) 225 2 Annual Renewable Ground Water (billion m3) 12 3 Per Capita Renewable Surface and Ground Water (000 m3 / year) 9 4 Total Annual Withdrawal (billion m3 / year) 24 5 Per Capita Annual Withdrawal (000 m3 / year) 1 6 Sectorial withdrawal as % Total withdrawal Domestic 3.43 Industrial 0.41 Agricultural 96.16

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management

Waste Water Production and Treatment in major urban areas of Nepal As of 2011:

S.No. Urban Centers Waste Water Production (MLD) Collected for Treatment (MLD) Domestic Industrial Total 1 Kathmandu 64.497 4.515 69.012 34.506 2 Lalitpur (Patan) 15.647 1.095 16.742 8.371 3 Bhaktapur 5.971 .418 6.389 3.195 4 Kathmandu (Kirtipur) 3.92 .274 4.194 2.097 5 Bhaktapur (Madhyapur Thimi) 3.069 .215 3.284 1.642 4 Kaski (Pokhara) NA NA 13.42 NA 5 Morang (Biratnagar) NA NA 12.15 NA 6 Parsa (Birgunj) NA NA 8.68 NA 7 Chitawan (Bharatpur) NA NA 6.84 NA 8 Dhanusa (Janakpur) NA NA 5.41 NA 9 Kailali (Dhangadhi) NA NA 5.37 NA 10 Rupandehi (Butwal) NA NA 6.01 NA Total 93.104 6.517 157.501 49.811

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management

Generalized Waste Water Management in Nepal As of 2017: Some of the tested parameters among different sources of waste water:

Parameters Source Type Domestic Industrial Hospital pH 7.04 6.67 7.1 TSS (mg/L) 356 429 195 DO (mg/L) 1

• 4

BOD (mg/L) 420 411 166 COD(mg/L) 640 766 329 Ammonia (mg/L) 118 17 48 Nitrate (mg/L) 6

• 4

TP (mg/L) 16 2

• O&G (mg/L)

18 37 2

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Management

Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants in Kathmandu Valley and Other Urban Areas of Nepal

Policy and Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance

Water and Environment Related Provisions in The Constitution of Nepal:

SN Articles & Schedules Provisions

1 Article 30 (1) Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. 2 Article (30 (2) Victim of environmental pollution or degradation shall be entitled the right to compensation from the polluter as provided in the law. 3 Article 35 (4) Every citizen shall have the right to access to basic clean drinking waterand sanitation services. 4 Article 56 (2) The exercise of Nepal’s State power shall be used by Federation, States and Local units as mentioned in the Constitution. 5 Schedule 5: List of Federal Power 5.1 No. 11 Policies relating to conservation and multiple uses of water resources 5,2 No. 14 Central level large electricity, irrigation and other projects 5,3 No. 35 Any matter not enumerated in the Lists of Federal Power, State Power and Local Level Power or in the Concurrent List and any matter not specified in this Constitution and in the Federal laws 6 Schedule 6: List of State Power 6.1 No. 7 State level electricity, irrigation and water supply service, Navigation 6.2 No. 19 Use of forests and waters and management of environment within the State 7 Schedule 7: List of Concurrent Powers of Federation and State 7.1 No. 18 Tourism, water supply and sanitation 8 Schedule 8: List of Local Level Power 8.1 No. 7 Local level development plans and projects 8.2 No. 9 Basic health and sanitation 8.3 No. 19 Water supply, small hydropower projects, alternative energy 9 Schedule 9: List of Concurrent Powers of Federation, State and Local Level 9.1 No. 5 Services such as electricity, water supply, irrigation 9.2 No. 14 Royalty from natural resources

Policy and Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance

Water and Environment Related Legislations, Policy and Strategies and Guidelines

Policy and Legal Framework for Water Environmental Governance

Policy and Legislative Frameworks:

Name Category Year Purpose Water Resources Act Act 1992 The umbrella Act governing water resource management and declares the order of priority of water use . Water Resources Rules Rule 1993 The umbrella Rules governing water resource management, Sets out the procedure to register a Water User Association and to obtain a license. Drinking Water Service Charge Rules Rule 1994 Details the procedures for Tap connection and hole change and ownership of Taps and its transfer. National Solid Waste Management Policy Policy 1996 Waste management by Local Bodies; mobilize wastes as resources and reduce wastes at sources. Environment Protection Act Act 1997 The umbrella Act governing over all environmental protection

• f the country.

Environment Protection Rules Rule 1997 The umbrella Rule governing over all environmental protection of the country and further elaborates the Act. Drinking Water Rules Rules 1998 Regulates the use of drinking water; provides for the formation of Drinking Water User Associations and sets out the procedure for registration. Water Resources Strategy Strategy 2002 Sets out sectoral and cross cutting short, medium and long term strategies to optimize the sustainable benefits from the resource.

Policy and Legal Framework for Water Environmental Governance

Policy and Legislative Frameworks:

Name Category Year Purpose Drinking Water Quality Standards Standards 2005 Sets standards for water quality; Service Providers responsible for monitoring; Local level offices. Environment Protection Act Act 2019 The umbrella Act governing over all environmental protection of the country. Water Supply and Sanitation Bill Act Act Under Parliament The umbrella Act governing over all environmental protection of the country. Environment Protection Rules Rule Under drafting The umbrella Rule governing over all environmental protection of the country and further elaborates the Act. Integrated National Water Resources Policy (Draft) Policy Under drafting The draft policy is aimed to cover all aspects of water resources development and management based on the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principle and newly restructured three tires of government. Integrated National Water Resources Act (Draft) Act Under drafting The draft Act will be the new water resources act for the execution of new policy which covers all aspects of water resources development and management.

Institutional Framework for Water Environmental Governance

Key Institutions and their Mandates on Water Environment Governance

Name of the Institution Level Mandated Working Area Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation Central

Over all Energy, Hydropower, Irrigation and Water Resources development of the country.

Ministry of Water Supply Central Water supply, sanitation and hygeine development and management of the country. Ministry of Urban Development Central Over all urban planning, development and Management for the development of municipalities in the country. Ministry of Forest and Environment Central Forest resources and environmental development and management and enforcement environmental mandates. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Central Policy and planning regarding energy and water resources development and management covering all sectors. Advisory role

• n critical issues related to large water resources projects.

Department of Environment Central Responsible for the implementation and the compliance of Environmental Protection Act , and Rule (EPR), and pollution control standard as promulgated by the Government of Nepal. Ministry of Physical Infrastructure Development Provincial Provincial level policy planning formulation and development of all sorts of physical infrastructures and their environmental management. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Central The Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management (DWSSM) is responsible for planning, implementing, operating and their maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems through

Institutional Framework for Water Environmental Governance

Key Institutions and their Mandates on Water Environment

Name of the Institution Level Mandated Working Area Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Provincial Provincial level policy planning formulation and development of all sorts of forest, environment, conservation of biodiversity, adaptation to climate change and science and technology related. Department of Water Resources and Irrigation Central Department of Water Resources and Irrigation is responsible for planning, developing, implementing and monitoring of all sorts of central level surface and groundwater irrigation systems by utilizing the available surface and ground water resources. Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) Central DHM is responsible to collect , process , publish and disseminate hydrological and meteorological data and monitors river hydrology, water quality, sediment, limnology, snow hydrology, glaciology, weather, climate, agro-meteorology, air quality and solar energy in the country. Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) Autonomous Government NWSC is a public utility organization; an autonomous government body and provides drinking water supply services to the 20 cities within the country. Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) Kathmandu Valley KUKL is responsible for the operation and management of water and wastewater services in the Valley. The company will also take

• ver the responsibility for infrastructure built by the Melamchi

Water Supply Project. Local Units Local Local level planning and development in close coordination with

Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework

Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Monitoring Institutions

• S. No.

Category Parameters Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Institutions Surveillance Agency 1 Physical Turbidity Daily Water Supply Providers

Ministry of Population and Health and its line agencies are responsible for surveillance of drinking water quality

2 pH Daily Water Supply Providers 3 Color Daily Water Supply Providers 4 Taste and Odor Daily Water Supply Providers 5 EC Monthly Water Supply Providers 6 TDS Quarterly Water Supply Providers 7 Chemical Residual Chlorine Daily Water Supply Providers 8 Ammonia Monthly Water Supply Providers 9 Chloride Monthly Water Supply Providers 11 Nitrate Monthly Water Supply Providers 12 Total Hardness Monthly Water Supply Providers 13 Calcium Monthly Water Supply Providers 14 Iron Yearly Water Supply Providers 15 Manganese Yearly Water Supply Providers 16 Sulphate Yearly Water Supply Providers 17 Arsenic Yearly Water Supply Providers 18 Cadmium Yearly Water Supply Providers 19 Copper Yearly Water Supply Providers 20 Fluoride Yearly Water Supply Providers 21 Cyanide Yearly Water Supply Providers 22 Lead Yearly Water Supply Providers 23 Chromium Yearly Water Supply Providers 24 Zinc Yearly Water Supply Providers 25 Mercury Yearly Water Supply Providers 26 Aluminum Yearly Water Supply Providers 27 Microbio logical

• E. coli

Monthly Water Supply Providers 28 Total coliform Monthly Water Supply Providers

Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework

Water Quality Hoarding Board for General Public by DHM

Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework

Framework of Responsible Institutions for Water Quality Surveillance

Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework

Water Quality Monitoring Parameters and Monitoring Institutions

• Institutional Monitoring: Besides the monitoring by

the Water Supply Provider, the responsibility of Government agencies lies with the concerned ministries and line agencies under the ministries. The monitoring and surveillance responsibility however lies with the Ministry of Population and Health and concerned offices under the ministry

• Execution of Monitoring and Surveillance Report: The

report with comments and suggestions provided by the Ministry of Population and Health and its line agencies should be followed up/corrected by the concerned ministries and line agencies depending upon the Water Supply Provider”.

Water Quality Monitoring and Enforcement Framework

Enforcement of Law and Penalty Decision for some of the Industry/Company

• S. No. Name of the

industry /company Details of the Penalties Decision Date Remarks 1 Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital Penalty of NRs. 40000.00 has been made by the ministerial decision for not meeting the environmental standards. Sept 2019 By Ministry of Forest and Environment 2 Nepal Eye Hospital, Tripureshwor Penalty of NRs. 40000.00 has been made by the ministerial decision for not meeting the environmental standards. Sept 2019 By Ministry of Forest and Environment 3 Paropakar maternity & women's hospital Penalty of NRs. 40000.00 has been made by the ministerial decision for not meeting the environmental standards. Sept 2019 By Ministry of Forest and Environment 4 Norvic International Hospital Penalty of NRs. 90000.00 has been made by the ministerial decision for not meeting the environmental standards. Sept 2019 By Ministry of Forest and Environment 5 Kathmandu Medical College Penalty of NRs. 90000.00 has been made by the ministerial decision for not meeting the environmental standards. Sept 2019 By Ministry of Forest and Environment

Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

• Rehabilitation and expansion of sewerage network including property connections
• Rehabilitation and construction of interceptors along the streams
• Rehabilitation and construction of five wastewater treatment plants of 90.5 MLD capacity
• Energy generation of approximately 910 KW through sludge digestion and gasification

Kathmandu Metropolitan Lalitpur Metropolitan Bhaktapur Municipality Kirtipur Municipality

• The cleaning of

existing sewers

• New sanitary sewer

and storm water drain

• New laying replacing

brick sewer

• The cleaning of

existing sewers

• Rehabilitation of

existing combined sewer

• The separation by

laying new sanitary sewer

• The cleaning of

existing sewers

• Rehabilitation of

existing combined sewer

• New storm water

drain in Bhaktapur Industrial area

• Cleaning of existing

sewers

• Rehabilitation of

existing combined sewer

• The separation by

laying new storm water drain Targets and Planned Activities on Water and Environment

Wastewater Treatment Plan in Kathmandu Valley in 2020-2030

Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

Global Targets and National Indicators for Goals 6 of SDG

Future plans/targets, issues and challenges of water environment governance

Global Targets and National Indicators for Goals 6 of SDG

References:

• Some of the materials used in this presentation has been referenced from their internet

websites and hence sincerely acknowledged.

• Various other resources.

Thank You