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IMCES SB RAS Ultrasonic weather station and their application for atmospheric processes monitoring A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov Institute of monitoring of climatic and ecological systems Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science
КОСК-2010, ENVIROMIS-2010 1
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov
IMCES SB RAS
Institute of monitoring of climatic and ecological systems
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science
10/3, Academicheskii ave. Tomsk, IMCES SB RAS
e-mail: tikhomirov@imces.ru, tel. +7-3822-492249, fax. +7-3822-491950
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Background
The sonic anemometry and thermometry for the atmospheric researches were proposed more 50 years ago, but commercial devices for practical applications have made only 25 years ago. Last achievements on signal processing helped toward those attainments. Ultrasonic anemometers (UA) and ultrasonic thermometers (UT) have not moving parts because they provide small service expenses and are simple to maintain. Main firms and companies those are developing and manufacturing UA, UT and Ultrasonic automatic weather stations (UAWS) on their base: USA: Applied Technologies Inc.; Campbell Scientific Inc.; Climatronics Corporation; R.M. Young Company; Airmar Technology Corporation; United Kingdom: Gill Instruments Ltd.; Germany: METEK GmbH; Thies Clima; Japan: Kaijo (Sonic Corporation); Finland: Vaisala; Russia: IMCES SB RAS; Sibanalitpribor Ltd. NPO “Typhoon”; IAO SB RAS.
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
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The principle of measurements
1, 2 are ultrasonic transducers; d is the length of acoustic propagating path (100…200 mm); с is the speed of the sound; v is horizontal component of wind vector; vd is the magnitude of the along-path wind velocity component; vn is the magnitude of the cross-path wind velocity component; t+ is the transit time of acoustic wavefronts propagating from transducer 1 to transducer 2 (along velocity component vd); t- is the transit time of acoustic wavefronts propagating from transducer 2 to transducer 1 (inverse velocity component vd).
1 2
d
v vd vn t+ t-
When time intervals t+ and t- are measured, the along-path wind velocity component vd can be calculated:
⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ − =
− +
t t d vd 1 1 2
If the magnitude of the cross-path wind velocity component vn is additionally measured, the speed of the sound с can be calculated:
2 2
1 1 2
n
v t t d c + ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + =
− +
From с, the so called “sonic” ore “virtual” temperature Ts can be derived:
( )
403 32 1
2
c p e , T Ts = + =
(1) (2) (3)
where Т is the air flow temperature, in kelvin; е is the water vapor partial pressure, in hectopascals; р is the pressure, in hectopascals. A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
КОСК-2010, ENVIROMIS-2010 4
The principle of measurements
For the measurement of the horizontal mean wind two-component UA is used. A three-dimensional anemometer is comprised of three non-coplanar measurement paths yielding the wind components vd1, vd2, vd3, from which the wind vector can be derived in any desired coordinate system. One component sonic anemometers are only used for special purposes.
model UA 1D
Thies Clima (Germany)
model TR-41
Kaijo (Sonic Corporation) (Japan)
Ultrasonic transducers Supporting structures Electronic unit (processor)
v
Ahead wind transducer
One component sonic anemometers
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
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The principle of measurements
Transducers and supporting structures are obstacles to the air flow, which cause flow distortions and shadows with a corresponding deviation of the ideal
diameter and on the design of the transducer. UA usually uses pulse-modulated sonic signals with carrier frequency of 100…200 kHz and with pulse repetition rate from 1 to 200 pulse per second. It allows to measure the atmospheric turbulent fluctuations.
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
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UA for horizontal wind speed measurements
Gill Instruments Ltd (UK) Wind Observer Wind Sonic Thies Clima (Germany) UA Compact UA 2D METEK (Germany) Wind Horizont 200 R.M. Young Company (USA) Model 85004 Model 85052 Climatronics Corp. (USA) Sonimometer 102683 Kaijo (Japan) TR-52T Airmar Technology Corp. (USA) LB150
Two component sonic anemometers (with two paths)
Additional function: Ts measurements Additional function: Ts measurements
А.А. Тихомиров. Ультразвуковые анемометры и термометры для измерения пульсаций скорости и температуры воздушных потоков. Обзор // Оптика атмосферы и океана, 2010. Т. 23. № 7. С. 585-600. A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Vaisala’s UA for horizontal wind speed measurements
(with tree paths)
WS425 WS425 F/G WMT52 Tree component paths WMT52-О Minimization of biases related to flow distortions and shadows Additional function: precipitation measurements Specification of UA produced by Vaisala meet most closely requirements of RosHydromet.
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
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UA/T for measurement of three wind velocity components
Kaijo (Sonic Corporation) (Japan) TR-62T TR-61A TR-61B (DA-600) TR-61C METEK (Germany) SAT-500 USA-1 Gill Instruments Ltd. (UK)
R3-100 R3A-100 HS-100
Applied Technologies Inc. (USA)
K Style Sx Style A Style V Style
Measuring of the full wind vector allows to calculate 3D fluxes of a heat, a moisture and a momentum and their time variations in atmospheric surface layer (0…50 meters). Additional function: Ts and c measurements c measurements Ts measurements Ts measurements
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
КОСК-2010, ENVIROMIS-2010 9
UA/T for measurement of three wind velocity components
Campbell Scientific Inc. (USA) CSAT Delta Ohm Srl. (Italy) HD2003.1 R.M. Young Company (USA) Model 81000 Thies Clima (Germany) UA 3D NPO «Typhoon» (Russia) ACAT-3 ACAT-3М МЕТЕО-2 IAO SB RAS (Russia) «Rostov» IMCES SB RAS (Russia) DSV-15 DSV-16 DSV-15E Model 81000VRE Additional function: Ts and c measurements Ts measurements Ts measurements
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
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Appl.Technologies Inc. MSS-1000 Gill Instruments Ltd. MetPac
Measurement of the horizontal wind Measurement of the 3D wind
Climatronics Corp. TACMET OIL Vaisala WXT520 MAWS410 IMCES SB RAS АМК-03
Russian certificate RU.С.28.007.А № 29530
NPO «Typhoon» МК-15 IAO SB RAS МЕТЕО-2 Delta Ohm Srl. HD2003
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
Ultrasonic automatic weather station
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On-line signal processing
Basic processor functions a) control on ultrasonic transducers at mode “transmitter” and “receiver” with the requisite pulse repetition rate; b) correction of the propagation time measurements with system delays for each path di and each direction (t+ and t-) stored in the processor memory; c) calculation of wind components vdi parallel to the paths di according to equation (1); d) calculation of the wind vector in Cartesian (u, v, w) or polar coordinates (US, αS); e) selection of less disturbed sound paths, if redundant paths are available; f) projection of wind vector on the horizontal plane (only in case of a non-coplanar array); g) averaging of the Cartesian wind components (“vectorial averaging”) or of the polar wind components (“scalar averaging”) with the requisite time averaging; h) output of mean wind velocity in different formats (digital and analog); i) deriving of the speed of sound c; j) deriving of the sonic temperature TS; k) recalculation of the wind vector in desired coordinates; l) transmitting of measuring instantaneous values of meteorological parameters in a data base of an outer computer.
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IMCES SB RAS
On-line signal processing
Optional processor functions a) azimuth correction (electronic azimuth correction makes the mechanical alignment to true North unnecessary); b) elevation correction (the angle of a mast incline from the vertical is measured and included when Cartesian components of the wind vector are calculated); c) flow distortion correction (distortions of the flow can be corrected using correction functions or calibration look-up tables, which have been generated on the basis of calibration measurements in a wind tunnel); d) automatic quality control. An error message is generated if:
with the equation (2), exceeds a certain threshold. This may occur temporarily, for example due to smaller obstacles in one or more sound paths (e.g. insects, rain drops, snow flakes) or permanently due to a change of the sound path length (mechanical damage); f) automatic heating control (heating elements located inside the ultrasonic transducer keep the wind sensors clean from snow and ice).
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Additional signal processing
Software for AMK-03 Basic software МЕТЕО 3.0 Additional software appendices: МЕТЕО DB; METEO DP; МЕТЕО FORECAST
Software METEO 3.0 reads primary measuring AMK-03’s data through COM-port and calculates continuously magnitudes of weather parameters (T, u, v, w, r, p). Software METEO DB stores measured magnitudes of weather parameters in Date base. Software METEO DP is assigned for a support of the atmospheric scientific research implementations using АМК-03’s output data. Software METEO FORECAST provides on-line short-dated (within 3-6 hours) the local weather forecast in the mode of run point readout.
UAWS AMK-03 appendix METEO 3.0 appendix METEO DB appendix METEO FORECAST appendix METEO DP Files with instantaneous values Borland Database Engine (BDE) Date base
Information on more 60 atmospheric parameters are automatically storing in AMK-03’s data base during a measuring process. It include:
minimum and maximum values of temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and covariances of those;
characteristics, heat and momentum fluxes, characteristic atmospheric turbulence scales, structural constants: СТ
2, СV 2 and Сn 2 ).
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Software METEO 3.0 for AMK-03 automatic weather station
Calculating weather parameters
А) Averaging over user set period (from 1 to 20 minutes) Air parameters
*1) T is the air temperature, °С; *6) Ed is the deficit of the humidity, hPa;
2) σ[T] is RMS of air temperature, °С; *7) Td is the dew point, °С; *3) P is the barometric pressure, mmHg / hPa; 8) q is the absolute humidity, g/m3; *4) r is the relative humidity, %; 9) m is the specific humidity, o/oo *5) e is the water vapor partial pressure, hPa; 10) ρ is the air density, g/m3. Wind parameters *11) V is the mean of the horizontal wind velocity, m/s; 12) Vmin is the minimal magnitude of the instantaneous horizontal wind velocity, m/s; *13) Vmax is the maximal magnitude of the instantaneous horizontal wind velocity, m/s; 14) σ[V] is RMS of the horizontal wind velocity, m/s; *15) D is the mean of the horizontal wind direction, degree; 16) σ[D] is RMS of the horizontal wind direction, degree; 17) w is the mean of vertical wind velocity, m/s; 18) σ[w] is RMS of vertical wind velocity, m/s; 19) W is the module of the mean wind vector, m/s; 20) α is the inclination of the mean wind vector, degree; 21) Vs is the mean of south wind, m/s; 22) Ve is the mean of east wind, m/s. B) For interval between observation period *23) Tmin is the minimal mean air temperature, °С; *24) Tmax is the maximal mean air temperature, °С; 25) Vmin is the minimal magnitude of the instantaneous horizontal wind velocity, m/s; *26) Vmax is the maximal magnitude of the instantaneous horizontal wind velocity, m/s.
Notes:
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
Covariances, turbulent parameters
1) Ev = (σu
2 + σv 2 + σw 2)/2 is the full energy of turbulent movements (σu 2, σv 2 and σw 2 are variances of three
wind velocity components u/, v/ and w/); 2) Iv = Ev /Vm
2 is the relative intensity of wind speed fluctuations (Vm is the module of the mean wind
vector); 3) ET = σT
2/ 2 is the energy of temperature fluctuations (σT 2 is a variance of the air temperature T/);
4) <u/ ·w/> is the momentum of the pulse flux (<…> is a statistical time averaging symbol); 5) <T /·w/> is the momentum of the temperature flux; 6) τ = -ρ <u/ ·w/> is the vertical momentum flux (ρ is air density); 7) H = Cp ρ <T / ·w/> is the vertical heat flux (Cp is a specific heat capacity for the constant pressure); 8) v* = (- < u/ ·w />)1/2 is the friction speed (wind scale); 9) T* = - <T / ·w />/v* is the temperature scale; 10) L* = <T>(v*)2/(χ g T*) is the Monin-Obukhov scale (χ = 0,4 и g = 9,81 m/s2); 11) Cd = (v*/<V>)2 is the resistance coefficient to a flux; 12) CT
2 = <[T /(t+Δt) - T /(t)]2>/(<Vm>Δt)-2/3 is the structural constants of temperature fluctuations (Δt is the
time interval between the magnitude measurements); 13) CV
2 = <[u/(t+Δt)-u/(t)]2>/(<Vm>Δt)-2/3 is the structural constants of wind fluctuations;
14) Cna
2 = CT 2/(2<Tk>)2+Cv 2/(<c>)2 is the structural constants of fluctuations of the acoustic index refraction
(Tk is a air temperature, inkelvin; c is the sound speed, in m/s); 15) Cno
2 = CT 2{8·10-5 <P>/<Tk>2}2 is the structural constants of fluctuations of the optical index refraction (P
is atmospheric pressure, in hPa).
Software METEO 3.0 for AMK-03 automatic weather station
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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АМК-03 graphic window when instantaneous value are measured (scan 30 sec)
Software METEO 3.0 for AMK-03 automatic weather station
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Basic windows of software METEO DB
Software METEO DB for AMK-03 automatic weather station
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Software window with a statistical report on loaded data
Software METEO DB for AMK-03 automatic weather station
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO BD
Temperature histogram 2009, July 2010, January Temperature
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Wind histogram Wind 2009, July 2010, January
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO BD
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AMK-03
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Wind velocity angle diagram Wind rose 2009, July 2010, January
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO BD
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AMK-03
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Relative humidity Atmospheric pressure 2009, July 2010, January
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO BD
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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2009, July 2010, January Heat flux H = cp⋅ρ ⋅ρ <T’·w’> Momentum flux τ = -ρ <u’·w’>
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO BD
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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2009, July 2010, January Energy of wind fluctuations Ev = (σu
2 + σv 2 + σw 2)/2
Energy of temperature fluctuations ET = σT
2/ 2
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO BD
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
Basic window of software METEO DP
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO DP
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO DP
Calculation and drawing of a statistical histogram for turbulent fluctuations of the horizontal wind velocity Calculation and drawing of a mutual correlation function for turbulent fluctuations of the temperature and the vertical wind velocity
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO DP
The model reconstruction of altitudinal profiles for the wind speed and for the temperature from AMK-03’s local measurements on the base of Monin-Obukhov Similarity Wind profile Temperature profile
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AMK-03
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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The method of the local short-dated (within 3-6 hours) weather forecast in the mode of run point readout is developed and approved. The method uses results of AMK-03’s regular measurements at the previous periods. The method is based on the multinominal mathematic model of a weather parameters temporal evolution and on an usage of the Kalman filtration for time changing coefficients of its model.
Comparison of measuring temperature values and their forecast for 12 days of February
AMK-03’s some results with using software METEO FORECAST
Forecast RMS for main weather parameters at different seasons for month averaging of measurement results
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Measurements of fluxes of heat, H2O, CO2 and momentum
Sampling Systems for Concentration Profiles
Simultaneous measurements of multiple gas species are possible using multiple analyzers
Campbell Scientific Inc.
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
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Controller and GPRS modem AMK-03
System provides:
measuring data;
system web-server;
AMK-03;
AMK-03
Switchover controller
is allocated for transmission of data on system web-server with measuring rate to 10 Hz using: Ethernet or GSM-GPRS modem
Information-measurement system on base of AMK-03 UAWS network
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Central point (IMCES SB RAS)
Server
Bogashevo airport Stationar “Ceder”
Network of territorial monitoring of the dangerous weather events
UAWS 1 UAWS 2 UAWS 3
AMK-03
It is addition to WFR model
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IMCES SB RAS
Development of the network “METEO SB RAS”
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Conclusion
Three-dimensional flow and turbulence information resolved over short temporal and spatial scales is needed to characterize the ASL. This information must be presented not only as time-mean quantities, but also as the turbulent fluctuations of those quantities which contribute to the production, transport, dispersion and dissipation processes operating within the SL. The US/T is an instrument well suited to obtain measurements necessary for ASL characterization. 3D ultrasonic automatic weather stations, operating with a high pulse repetition rate, are applicable to make territorial information- measurement systems for atmospheric processes monitoring and forecasting of dangerous weather events including storms, squalls and the pollutant transportation.
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Работа частично поддержана проектом РФФИ № 09-05-99014-р_офи
A.Ya. Bogushevich, A.A. Tikhomirov “Ultrasonic weather station and their application…”
IMCES SB RAS