U.S. Clima Climate R e Reference Netw nce Network (USCRN) - - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

U.S. Clima Climate R e Reference Netw nce Network (USCRN) - (USCRN) - We Western S Stat ates Wat Water C Council Wo Works rkshop o

• n

Hy Hydr droc

• clima

limate Obser bserving Sy ving Systems stems

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Agenda

• Vision and Brief

sion and Brief Ov Over ervie view of

• f the Pr

the Prog

• gram
• Roles

les, R Responsibilities sponsibilities, and Pr and Prog

• gram Go

m Governance rnance

• Science Pr

Science Prog

• gram; Instr

m; Instrumenta mentation and T ion and Testing sting

• Summary

Summary NO NOTE: TE: USCRN is NO USCRN is NOT US T USRCRN CRN

Paper on per on USCRN USCRN pub published in lished in April April 2013: 2013: Diamond, H. J., T. R. Karl, M. A. Palecki, C. B. Baker, J. E. Bell, R. D. Leeper, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, T. P. Meyers, M. R. Helfert, G. Goodge, and P. W. Thorne, 2013: U.S. Climate Reference Network after one decade of operations: status and

• assessment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 489‐498. doi: 10.1175/BAMS‐D‐12‐00170.1

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Sustain a national climate

• bserving network that in the

future, w ith the highest degree of confidence, can answ er the follow ing question: How has the climate of the U.S. changed over the past 50 years? The V e Vision f sion for USCRN r USCRN

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• Siting:
• 114 CONUS and ultimately 29 Alaskan stations

at pristine sites; shouldn’t change in >50 years

• Instruments:
• Triple configuration air temperature and

precipitation sensors; and soil measurements

• Real time data and equipment monitoring
• Surface observations every 5‐minutes
• Hourly transmission via GOES
• Standards
• Meets GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles ‐

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php? name=ClimateMonitoringPrinciples

• Follows NIST calibration standards
• Science Performance Measures
• Explain temp (98%) and precip (95%) variance

NO NOAA AA’s Benc Benchmar mark USA Clima USA Climate Obser e Observing Netw ing Networ

• rk

Designed to answer questions about National Air Temperature, Precipitation, and Soil Temp and Moisture changes with the highest confidence

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1800 1900 2000

Diaries, logs U.S. Army Forts Smithsonian Network U.S. Signal Corps Cooperative Observer Program Network & U.S. Historical Climatology Network Subset Attempts to modernize COOP USCRN

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Pr Prog

• gram Ov

m Over ervie view – – Sta tation Pr tion Prof

• file

ile

• Total Oper

tal Operational Sta ional Stations: ions: 128 (plus 4) 128 (plus 4)

• 114 sta

114 stations installed a ions installed at 107 sites in the CONUS 107 sites in the CONUS

• 7 sta

7 stations ions ar are dual sites e dual sites

• Last sta

Last station w ion was commissioned in 2009 s commissioned in 2009

• 14 sta

14 stations installed in Alask ions installed in Alaska (12 commissioned) (12 commissioned)

• 4 sta

4 stations ions installed fr installed from 2002-05 as test sites

• m 2002-05 as test sites
• 10 sta

10 stations installed since 2009 ions installed since 2009

• Four additional sta

ur additional stations ions

• 2 in Ha

2 in Hawaii (Mauna Loa and Hilo) ii (Mauna Loa and Hilo)

• 1 in Ontario

1 in Ontario, Canada – Canada – bila ilater teral test sta l test station ion

• 1 in T

1 in Tiksi, R i, Russia – ssia – from IPY bila m IPY bilater teral a l agreement (U ement (U.S .S. . GCOS-funded) GCOS-funded)

• Plus NCAR’

Plus NCAR’s Mar s Marshall T hall Test F st Facility (Boulder acility (Boulder, CO) , CO)

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Pr Prog

• gram Ov

m Over ervie view – Sta Station Pr ion Prof

• file

ile

• Three sta

e stations planned f ions planned for installa r installation in Alask tion in Alaska during during the summer 2014 b the summer 2014 building season ( ilding season (one

• ne down tw

down two to g

• to go)
• Plan is to install an additional

Plan is to install an additional 13 sta 13 stations in Alask ions in Alaska fr from

• m

2015-2022 – 2015-2022 – fully popula ully populates the def tes the defined 29 sta ned 29 station g ion grid id

• NIDIS Soil and R

NIDIS Soil and Rela lativ tive Humidity Sensor Humidity Sensors

• Installed a

Installed at all CONUS sites fr all CONUS sites from 2009-11

• m 2009-11
• Installed a

Installed at one sta

• ne station in Alask

ion in Alaska -

• Kenai

enai

• Plan is to insta

Plan is to install a l at other sites as w

• ther sites as we g

gain e in experie perience ce with unique permafr with unique permafrost en st envir vironment acr

• nment across Alask
• ss Alaska;

; ma may r y requir quire a dif e a differ erent k ent kind of nd of soil sensor soil sensor

• Budg

Budgets f ets for USCRN come fr r USCRN come from NO

• m NOAA/O

AA/OAR’ AR’s Clima Climate e Pr Prog

• gram Of

m Office [inc ce [including the NIDIS Pr luding the NIDIS Prog

• gram Of

m Office - ce - soil

• il

sensor sensors]; Pr s]; Prog

• gram e

m executed b ecuted by NCDC and A NCDC and ATDD DD

• PPA:

Re Regional C Climat ate D Data a and I Informat ation [PP [PPA stands f stands for Pr r Prog

• gram, Pr

m, Project, and Activity]

• ject, and Activity]

Pr Prog

• gram Ov

m Over ervie view -

• Alask

laska Site Selection a Site Selection

• Goal is

Goal is to to install 29 T install 29 Total Sites in tal Sites in Alask Alaska b by 2022; pending funding w 2022; pending funding we ha have 3 additional 3 additional sites (total of sites (total of 32) 32) tha that w would

• uld be g

be good to consider

• od to consider.
• To do

do this w this we need g need good sta

• od stable sites tha

le sites that ar are

• Repr

presenta esentativ tive of

• f the v

the various c rious clima limate r te regimes acr gimes across AK;

• ss AK;
• Adequa

Adequatel tely co cover a r a grid spacing in id spacing in Alask Alaska to to best best measur measure e temper temperatur ture and and pr preci ecipita itation acr ion across the

• ss the sta

state; te;

• Pr

Practica actical to l to install install; and and

• Af

Affordable to le to maintain and maintain and oper

• perate

te.

• Not

Not an an easy task; and in easy task; and involv lves a y es a year ear-long pr

• long process of
• cess of
• Sur

Surveying ing sites in the summer sites in the summer;

• Ev

Evalua aluating ting sites in the f sites in the fall ll;

• Pr

Preparing selection pa aring selection paperw perwor

• rk and site license pa

k and site license paperw perwor

• rk during

k during the f the fall ll and winter and winter; ;

• Pr

Procuring and

• curing and shipping equipment in

shipping equipment in the the spring; and spring; and

• Installing ne

Installing new sta w station(s) in the f ion(s) in the following summer llowing summer.

Currently Installed Sites: 13 Future Grid Sites to Survey: 8 Sites Approved not Installed: 8 2014 Planned Installations: 3 Total Sites: 32

June 2014

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Pr Prog

• gram Ov

m Over ervie view – – Sensor ensors

• Primary Measur

Primary Measurements (triple r ements (triple redundanc dundancy)

• Air T

Air Temper mperatur ture ( e (pla latin tinum r m resistance t sistance thermometer rmometers) s)

• Pr

Precipita ecipitation (3-wir tion (3-wire w weighing g ighing gaug uge) e)

• Soil Moistur

Soil Moisture and T and Temper mperatur ure e

• NIDIS Soil and R

NIDIS Soil and Rela lativ tive Humidity Sensor Humidity Sensors

• Installed a

Installed at all CONUS sites fr all CONUS sites from 2009-11

• m 2009-11
• Installed a

Installed at one sta

• ne station in Alask

ion in Alaska

• Triple r

iple redundanc dundancy a at 5,10,20,50, and 100 cm – 5,10,20,50, and 100 cm – standar standard WMO soil de WMO soil depth le pth levels ls

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Pr Prog

• gram Ov

m Over ervie view – – Sensor ensors

• Ancillary Measur

Ancillary Measurements (no r ements (no redundanc dundancy)

• Surf

Surface infr ace infrar ared r ed radia diation ion

• Solar r

Solar radia diation ion

• 1.5m anemometer (not WMO standar

1.5m anemometer (not WMO standard f for wind) r wind)

• Wetness sensor and R

tness sensor and Rela lativ tive humidity sensor humidity sensor

Typical soil sensor installation

Roles and R les and Responsibilities sponsibilities

• NCDC (F

NCDC (Feder ederal) al)

• Ov

Over erall Pr all Program Mana m Manager – r – H. Diamo . Diamond

• Science Pr

Science Project Mana

• ject Manager –

r – M. . Palec lecki

• Da

Data Mana ta Managemen ment and Monito and Monitoring – ring – J. La . Lawrimo wrimore

• Finance –

nance – L. Cholid/J . Cholid/J. McGill . McGill

• NCDC (Contr

NCDC (Contract) – ct) – Feder ederal T al Task Mana sk Manager – r – J. La . Lawrimor wrimore e

• Da

Data ing ta ingest and W st and Web – b – S. Emb . Embler er

• Monitoring and Science Assistance: N

Monitoring and Science Assistance: N. Case Casey

• Site licensing; AK sur

Site licensing; AK surveys; & s; & metada metadata – ta – R. Bilotta and K. . Bilotta and K. Thomas homas

• OAR’

R’s Air T s Air Turb rbulence and Dif ulence and Diffusion Division [A usion Division [ATDD] (F TDD] (Feder ederal) al)

• Mana

Managemen ment – – B. Bak . Baker

• Testbed o

stbed over ersight and sensor testing – sight and sensor testing – T. Me . Meyers

• Science –

Science – J. . Kochendorf endorfer er

• Budg

Budget and F et and Finance – nance – B. . Shif Shifflett ett

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Roles and R les and Responsibilities sponsibilities

• ATDD (Contr

DD (Contract) act)

• QC –

QC – G. Goodg . Goodge (60 hour (60 hours/month) /month)

• Finance –

nance – G. Land . Land

• Engineering and Maintenance –

Engineering and Maintenance – M. Hall, M. Blac

• M. Hall, M. Black,

k, M.P M.Potter

• tter, and B

and B. F Frenc ench (via ORA (via ORAU)

• Science –

Science – T. Wilson (soils) . Wilson (soils)

• Cooper

Cooperativ ive Institute f e Institute for Clima r Climate and Sa e and Satellites - tellites - NC C par partner tnership (CICS-NC via NC Sta hip (CICS-NC via NC State Univ e Univer ersity) sity)

• QC & r

QC & resear search on temper

• n temperatur

ture, pr precipita ecipitation, and tion, and secondary v secondary varia riables – les – R. Lee . Leeper er

• QC & r

QC & resear search on soil mois

• n soil moistur

ture & temper & temperatur ture – e – J. Bell . Bell

• Engineering w

Engineering work is accomplished via A is accomplished via ATDD contr DD contract with act with ORA ORAU – – Oak Ridg ak Ridge Associa e Associated Un ed Univ iver ersities ( sities (U.S .S. DOE . DOE consor consortium) tium)

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Pr Prog

• gram Go

m Governance rnance

• Ov

Over erall pr all prog

• gram, polic

m, policy, and b and budg dget issues ar et issues are the PM’ e the PM’s responsibility sponsibility

• Ann

Annual r al repor ports fr ts from FY03-13 posted on USCRN w

• m FY03-13 posted on USCRN web site

b site

• The da

e day-to-da y-to-day oper

• perations

ions & & maintenance is under maintenance is undertak taken: n:

• For sta

r station o ion oper erations – ions – ATDD en TDD engineer gineers

• For da

r data monitoring – ta monitoring – NCDC staf CDC staff

• To supplement monitoring –

supplement monitoring – science and QC leads pr cience and QC leads provide ide input input

• Resolution of

solution of issues is par issues is part of

• f an on-g

an on-going dialog ing dialog

• For coor

r coordina dination tion

• Regular monthly teleconf

gular monthly teleconfer erences ences

• Semi-ann

Semi-annual NCDC/A ual NCDC/ATDD meetings (f TDD meetings (face-to-f ace-to-face when ace when possib possible) le)

• Shar

ared G ed Goog

• ogleDocs lo

leDocs log o g of system is stem issues im sues implem plemented ented

• Other on-g

Other on-going comm

• ing communica

unication as r tion as requir quired ed

• Issues ele

Issues elevated to NCDC senior ed to NCDC senior mana management as w ment as warranted f anted for r situa situational a ional awar areness (e eness (e.g .g., unique and lar ., unique and large outa e outages) s)

FY14: USCRN Science Activities

• Science
• Climate
• Launch the national temperature index web site
• Examine the 2012 Midwest Drought with USCRN soil data
• Identify lag relationships between soil moisture & climate
• Relate soil temperature to plant phenology
• Measure the representativeness of USCRN soil obs
• Validate soil moisture models & products
• Instruments and Algorithms
• Implement improved precipitation calculation algorithm
• Compare USCRN and COOP station climate observations
• Improve and update air freezing index (AFI)
• Study the effect of oil on weighing gauge evaporation
• Serve as a validation partner for NASA SMAP mission

USCRN Science: National Temperature Index

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/national‐temperature‐index/

USCRN Science: New Precipitation Calculation Algorithm

USCRN current precipitation algorithm has some weaknesses that lead to reduced amounts being calculated and some unrealistic 5‐minute distributions Improved algorithm has been developed, tested, presented in a paper for publication, and approved by the USCRN CCB; now beginning external review portion of ORR … look for this at the EC in early FY15

USCRN Science: Designing Spatial Products

Experimental USCRN spatial product that updates hourly with latest station observations Available over the web at http://www.cicsnc.org/pub/CRNSpatial/

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Science Pr Science Prog

• gram
• Paper

pers pr prepar ared r ed recently or under pr cently or under prepar aration in FY14: ion in FY14:

Bell, J.E., M.A. Palecki, R..D. Leeper, S. Embler, R.E. Bilotta, and T. Wilson Evaluation of the 2012 drought with a newly established national soil-monitoring network. For Geophysical Review Letters (under preparation for FY 14 Q4 submission) Bell, J.E., and J.L. Matthews. Evaluation of air and soil temperatures for determining the onset of growing season. For International Journal of Remote Sensing (under submission) Bilotta, R., E. Shepherd, A. Arguez, and J.E. Bell. Calculation and evaluation of an air-freezing index for the 1981-2010 climate normals period in the coterminous United States. For the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (under final internal review for FY 14 Q3 submission) Leeper, R.D., Rennie, J., and Palecki, M.A. Observational perspectives from U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) and Cooperative Observer Program (COOP): Temperature and precipitation comparison. For Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (under final internal review for FY 14 Q3 submission) Leeper, R.D., Palecki, M.A., Davis, J. USCRN quality assurance methods for weighing bucket precipitation gauges with triplicate depth measurements. For Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (under final internal review for FY14 Q3 submission) Palecki, M.A., J.E. Bell, and R. Bilotta. Monitoring the 2012 Central U.S. drought with two national soil moisture networks. Invited paper for a special edition of the Soil Science Society of America Journal (under preparation for FY 14 Q4 submission)

• Planned Paper for Q1 of FY15

Palecki, M.A., J.E. Bell, and R. Bilotta. Identifying lag relationships between soil moisture, climate variables, and drought status using USCRN and SCAN soil moisture observations. For the Journal of Climate [research underway].

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Calibr Calibration/V tion/Valida alidation Applica ion Application of ion of USCRN Soil USCRN Soil Moisture re/Temperat rature re D Data

• In preparation for NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive

Mission (SMAP), USDA has established a testbed in Stillwater, OK; USCRN participates in this

• Intercomparison testing will not only benefit the cal/val

work in support of SMAP once it is launched, but will also help improve USCRN instrumentation and input to models

SMAP Mission – Scheduled for launch in October 2014

Several modelling groups are already using USCRN soil data to compare to

• bservations from the European Space

Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Satellite

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• Detailed knowledge of the spatial and temporal

distribution of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the earth’s surface has the potential utility for a wide range of energy, hydrologic and agronomic applications,

• These include including the estimation of regional

evapotranspiration (via modeling) and carbon fluxes, management of water supply, implementation of precision farming practices, and validation of satellite insolation estimates (Otkin et al. 2005).

• Solar & IR instruments support satellite cal/val efforts,

weather forecast model users, and the solar energy sector

• Use of phenology cameras – some limited work by J. Bell

Otkin, Jason A., Martha C. Anderson, John R. Mecikalski, George R. Diak, 2005: Validation of goes‐based insolation estimates using data from the U.S. Climate Reference Network. J. Hydrometeor, 6, 460–475. doi: 10.1175/JHM440.1

USCRN Instr USCRN Instrumenta mentation ion Testing and Ev sting and Evalua aluation tion

USCRN Precipitation Testbed (Boulder, CO) site with DFIR and Alter shielded snow gauges

DF DFIR IR Doub uble F le Fence I nce Inter tercomparison R

• mparison Reference

nce

Doub Double le alter (4 ft, alter (4 ft, 8 ft shields) 8 ft shields) 50% por 50% porosity sity Belf Belfor

• rt Doub

t Double Alter (25 le Alter (25 – 30% 30% por porosity) sity) Sing Single Alter (4 le Alter (4 ft, 50% ft, 50% por porosity) sity)

USCRN Sy USCRN System R stem Resilience in Extr silience in Extreme W eme Weather – her – Southeast T Southeast Tornado Outbr rnado Outbreak of eak of April 25-28, 2011 April 25-28, 2011

This system resilience is quite a testament to:

• robust engineering design
• the good fortune of not getting a

direct hit from the tornadoes

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Summary Summary

• USCRN contin

USCRN continues to perf ues to perform quite w

• rm quite well and the NO

ll and the NOAA AA par partner nership betw hip between NCDC een NCDC, , ATDD DD, an , and C d CICS-NC is w CS-NC is working ing we well

• Science pr

Science prog

• gram is activ

m is active and pr e and productiv

• ductive
• Priority is

Priority is to ha to have mor more USCRN USCRN da data utiliz ta utilized in c ed in clima limate pr e products

• ducts

– we e ar are mak e making some pr ng some prog

• gress ther

ss there

• Expansion in

pansion into Alask to Alaska contin continues ues

• Threat to the GOES

to the GOES DCS fr DCS frequenc equency y band is an issue to w band is an issue to watc tch; h; ma may r y requir quire conting e contingenc ncy planning to e y planning to explor plore alterna e alternativ ive e comm commun unica ication pa ion paths (e ths (e.g .g., Iridium or cell) ., Iridium or cell)

• Contin

ntinued g ued good r

• od rela

lations with s tions with site te hosts is hosts is k key t to sustaina sustainability – ility – successful to da successful to date te, b , but n t needs contin eeds continued a ued attention. tention.

• Ov

Over erall – all – program doing w am doing well, b ll, but w t working to contin ing to continually impr ually improve e and plan as b and plan as budg dgets allow ets allow

• All

All da data and pr ta and prog

• gram inf

m informa rmation ar ion are fr e freely a eely availa ailable on the e on the USCRN w USCRN web site a b site at: : http://www http://www.ncdc .ncdc.noaa.g noaa.gov/crn v/crn

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Th Thank yo you

USCRN Station at Mauna Loa, HI