Tutorial Description Tutorial Description Introduction to XML With your HTML knowledge, you have a solid foundation for working with markup languages. However, unlike HTML, XML is more flexible, Bebo White allowing for custom tag creation. This course introduces the fundamentals of XML and its bebo@slac.stanford.edu related technologies so that you can create your own markup language. InterLab 2006 FermiLab October 2006 Topics* What Is Markup? Topics* What Is Markup? • • XML well-formed documents XML well-formed documents • • Information added to a text to make its structure Information added to a text to make its structure comprehensible comprehensible • • Validation concepts Validation concepts • • Pre-computer markup (punctuational and Pre-computer markup (punctuational and • • DTD syntax and constructs DTD syntax and constructs presentational) presentational) • • W3C Schema syntax and constructs W3C Schema syntax and constructs Word divisions Word divisions • • • • XSL(T) syntax and processing XSL(T) syntax and processing Punctuation Punctuation • • • • XPath addressing language XPath addressing language Copy-editor and typesetters marks Copy-editor and typesetters marks • • • • Development and design considerations Development and design considerations Formatting conventions Formatting conventions • • • • XML processing model XML processing model • • XML development and processing tools XML development and processing tools * Tutorial plus references
Computer Markup (1/3) Computer Markup (1/3) Computer Markup (2/3) Computer Markup (2/3) • • Any kind of codes added to a document Any kind of codes added to a document • Declarative markup (cont) • Declarative markup (cont) • • Typesetting (presentational markup) Typesetting (presentational markup) Names and structure Names and structure • • • • Macros embedded in ASCII Macros embedded in ASCII Framework for indirection Framework for indirection • • • • Commands to define the layout Commands to define the layout Finer level of detail (most human-legible signals are Finer level of detail (most human-legible signals are • • overloaded) overloaded) • • MS Word, TeX, RTF, Scribe, Script, nroff, etc. MS Word, TeX, RTF, Scribe, Script, nroff, etc. Independent of presentation (abstract) Independent of presentation (abstract) *Hello* � Hello *Hello* � Hello • • • • � Hello � Hello • • /Hello/ /Hello/ Often called “semantic” Often called “semantic” • • • • Declarative markup Declarative markup • • HTML (sometimes) HTML (sometimes) • • XML XML Computer Markup (3/3) Markup – ISO-Definitions Computer Markup (3/3) Markup – ISO-Definitions Markup – Text that is added to the data of a Markup – Text that is added to the data of a • • • • Semantic Markup Semantic Markup document in order to convey information about it document in order to convey information about it • • Authors put annotations into their texts to help the Authors put annotations into their texts to help the Descriptive Markup – Markup that describes Descriptive Markup – Markup that describes publisher to understand what type of text this is (e.g. publisher to understand what type of text this is (e.g. • • “this is a heading”) “this is a heading”) the structure and other attributes of a document the structure and other attributes of a document in a non-system-specific way, independently of in a non-system-specific way, independently of • • Annotations are agreed between author and publisher Annotations are agreed between author and publisher any processing that may be performed on it any processing that may be performed on it • • Publisher decides on the layout Publisher decides on the layout Processing Instruction (PI) – Markup Processing Instruction (PI) – Markup • • • • Descriptive markup Descriptive markup consisting of system-specific data that controls consisting of system-specific data that controls • • Describing content not the layout Describing content not the layout how a document is to be processed how a document is to be processed • • Markup to support search in documents Markup to support search in documents • • Words in headings are more important than in footnotes Words in headings are more important than in footnotes • • Markup for machines vs. markup for humans Markup for machines vs. markup for humans
Markup Language Features Markup Language Features • • Stylistic (appearance) Stylistic (appearance) • • <I><B><U> <I><B><U> Hypertext Markup • • Structural (layout) Structural (layout) Language (HTML) • • <P><BR><H2> <P><BR><H2> • • Semantic (meaning) Semantic (meaning) • • <TITLE> <TITLE> • • <META NAME=keywords CONTENT = " …... " > <META NAME=keywords CONTENT = " …... " > • • Functional (action) Functional (action) • • <BLINK> <BLINK> • • <A HREF = "[link]">Click here</A> <A HREF = "[link]">Click here</A> Hypertext Markup Language Some Problems (1/2) Hypertext Markup Language Some Problems (1/2) • • HTML – The Markup Language used to represent HTML – The Markup Language used to represent Web pages for viewing by people Web pages for viewing by people • • Rendered and viewed in a Web Browser Rendered and viewed in a Web Browser • • Not extensible Not extensible • • Documents Documents • • Easy to write – Markup your data with tags Easy to write – Markup your data with tags • • Platform independent Platform independent • • Can contain links to Images, documents, Can contain links to Images, documents, and other pages and other pages • • HTML is an application/instance of SGML HTML is an application/instance of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8879:1986 – (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8879:1986 – used for defining Markup Languages) used for defining Markup Languages) • • For further information: For further information: http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/ http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/
Some Problems (2/2) Some Problems (2/2) Observations on HTML Observations on HTML <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> • • Powerful for Presentation (Focus on Client-Side) Powerful for Presentation (Focus on Client-Side) <html><head> <html><head> • • Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) <title>The Some Problems Example</title> <title>The Some Problems Example</title> </head><body> </head><body> • • Allows for dynamic behavior using scripting/ DHTML Allows for dynamic behavior using scripting/ DHTML <H1> Separation Of Concerns </h1> <H1> Separation Of Concerns </h1> • • Allows for proprietary extension (ActiveX, plug-ins, Allows for proprietary extension (ActiveX, plug-ins, There are a lot of problems using There are a lot of problems using etc.). etc.). HTML for <WebEngineering> Web Application development </WebEngineering> , HTML for <WebEngineering> Web Application development </WebEngineering> , if you do not separate concerns. <P> if you do not separate concerns. <P> Easy to write and generate, but : Easy to write and generate, but : • • The <b>Bold</b> and <i>Italic</i> example: <br> The <b>Bold</b> and <i>Italic</i> example: <br> • • Difficult to parse Difficult to parse While rendering <b> is easy nowadays.<i> The semantic of this markup </b> is While rendering <b> is easy nowadays.<i> The semantic of this markup </b> is • • No support for extending semantics, e.g. using your No support for extending semantics, e.g. using your not </i> clear. not </i> clear. own tags own tags </BODY></HTML> </BODY></HTML> • • Difficult to apply disciplined approaches Difficult to apply disciplined approaches • • REMEMBER: Do not develop Applications in this manner! REMEMBER: Do not develop Applications in this manner! XML (1/2) XML (1/2) • • The eXtensible Markup Language The eXtensible Markup Language • • XML is a universal format for structured XML is a universal format for structured eXtensible Markup documents and data on the Web documents and data on the Web • • XML is a standard, interoperable way to XML is a standard, interoperable way to Language (XML) describe data for flexible processing describe data for flexible processing • • Multi-format delivery Multi-format delivery • • Schema-aware information retrieval Schema-aware information retrieval • • Transformation and dynamic data customization Transformation and dynamic data customization • • Archival: standardized, self-describing Archival: standardized, self-describing
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