Then too. . . Benjamin Slade and Aniko Csirmaz Dept. of Linguistics University of Utah Meaning in Flux 14 October 2017 B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 1 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali 1 Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri 2 Historical developments involving aspectual adverbs 3 Additive particles & phir / pheri 4 Crosslinguistic comparisons - Hungarian &c. 5 Conclusion & refs 6 Additional materials 7 Additional Hungarian diachronic & synchronic data More on other treatments B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 1 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Overview Hindi phir , Nepali pheri are ambiguous between “again” and “then” (ordering) B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 2 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Overview Hindi phir , Nepali pheri are ambiguous between “again” and “then” (ordering) developed from an earlier form meaning “again” ( < verb “turn; return”) B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 2 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Overview Hindi phir , Nepali pheri are ambiguous between “again” and “then” (ordering) developed from an earlier form meaning “again” ( < verb “turn; return”) → Propose a template definition shared by these two meanings (and others) : explains observed ambiguities & change B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 2 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Overview Hindi phir , Nepali pheri are ambiguous between “again” and “then” (ordering) developed from an earlier form meaning “again” ( < verb “turn; return”) → Propose a template definition shared by these two meanings (and others) : explains observed ambiguities & change Hindi & Nepali have a morphologically complex form formed from an aspectual adverb combined with an additive particle: Hindi phir bh¯ ı , Nepali pheri pani B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 2 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Overview Hindi phir , Nepali pheri are ambiguous between “again” and “then” (ordering) developed from an earlier form meaning “again” ( < verb “turn; return”) → Propose a template definition shared by these two meanings (and others) : explains observed ambiguities & change Hindi & Nepali have a morphologically complex form formed from an aspectual adverb combined with an additive particle: Hindi phir bh¯ ı , Nepali pheri pani unrelated Hungarian shares a structurally equivalent parallel m´ egis B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 2 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Overview Hindi phir , Nepali pheri are ambiguous between “again” and “then” (ordering) developed from an earlier form meaning “again” ( < verb “turn; return”) → Propose a template definition shared by these two meanings (and others) : explains observed ambiguities & change Hindi & Nepali have a morphologically complex form formed from an aspectual adverb combined with an additive particle: Hindi phir bh¯ ı , Nepali pheri pani unrelated Hungarian shares a structurally equivalent parallel m´ egis discuss historical developments involving these aspectual adverbs and ambiguity/underspecification B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 2 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Hindi phir , Nepali pheri Hindi (1) R¯ am phir so gay¯ a. Ram then/again sleep went “Ram slept then / again .” Nepali (2) R¯ am pheri sutyo. Ram then/again slept “Ram slept then/again .” B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 3 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Hindi phir bh¯ ı , Nepali pheri pani Hindi (3) Shy¯ am gun .d .¯ a hai; phir bh¯ ı mer¯ a dost hai. Shyam villain is, then/again too my friend is “Shyam’s a villain; still conc he’s my friend.” Nepali ˜ (4) Pheri pani timro tasbir ¯ a kha.m¯ a ¯ ae.rahancha. then/again too your image eye.in come.continues “ Still conc your image keeps coming into my eyes.” B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 4 / 58
Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali Some Adverbials in Hindi & Nepali Hindi Nepali Meaning tab tab(a) “then (at that time)” taile phir pheri “then (after that)” tab(a) pachi phir pheri “again” (repetitive, restituitive) phir se (dob¯ ar¯ a) abh¯ ı bh¯ ı aile samma temporal/continuity ab tak ajha(i) (pani) “still” aile pani phir bh¯ ı pheri pani concessive/adversative tai pani “still” tarai pani ra pani bh¯ ı pani additive & scalar(-additive) particle “also”/“even” Table: Hindi & Nepali “pieces” B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 5 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri Aspectual adverbs in Hindi & Nepali 1 Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri 2 Historical developments involving aspectual adverbs 3 Additive particles & phir / pheri 4 Crosslinguistic comparisons - Hungarian &c. 5 Conclusion & refs 6 Additional materials 7 Additional Hungarian diachronic & synchronic data More on other treatments B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 5 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri (Ordering) phir/pheri “then” Hindi (5) R¯ am-ne kh¯ an¯ a kh¯ a liy¯ a. Vah phir so gay¯ a. Ram- erg food eat took. He/she then sleep went “Ram ate food. Then he slept.” Nepali (6) R¯ am-le bh¯ at kh¯ a-i-diyo. U pheri sutyo. Ram- erg food eat- abs -gave. He/she then slept “Ram ate food. Then he slept.” B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 6 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri (Ordering) phir/pheri “then” defined phir “then”: Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) & ∃ t ∗ Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) ∈ FA ( P ( e , t , . . . )) & ∃ e ∗ λ T λ t λ e λ P : . P ( e , t , . . . ) t ∗ ≺ t & ∃Q t , t ∗ ∈ T phir / pheri combines with an ordered scale of times T , a time t , an eventuality e , and a saturated predicate P [ P inherits the specifications of saturated predicate, so might appear in fuller form as e.g. sleep ( e ∗ , t ∗ , John ) & in ( e ∗ , kitchen )] B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 7 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri (Ordering) phir/pheri “then” defined phir “then”: Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) & ∃ t ∗ Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) ∈ FA ( P ( e , t , . . . )) & ∃ e ∗ λ T λ t λ e λ P : . P ( e , t , . . . ) t ∗ ≺ t & ∃Q t , t ∗ ∈ T asserts an eventuality (“ P ”) which occurs at time t B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 8 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri (Ordering) phir/pheri “then” defined phir “then”: Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) & ∃ t ∗ Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) ∈ FA ( P ( e , t , . . . )) & ∃ e ∗ λ T λ t λ e λ P : . P ( e , t , . . . ) t ∗ ≺ t & ∃Q t , t ∗ ∈ T asserts an eventuality (“ P ”) which occurs at time t presupposes a (prior) eventuality (“ Q ”) which occurs at time t* , where: B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 8 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri (Ordering) phir/pheri “then” defined phir “then”: Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) & ∃ t ∗ Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) ∈ FA ( P ( e , t , . . . )) & ∃ e ∗ λ T λ t λ e λ P : . P ( e , t , . . . ) t ∗ ≺ t & ∃Q t , t ∗ ∈ T asserts an eventuality (“ P ”) which occurs at time t presupposes a (prior) eventuality (“ Q ”) which occurs at time t* , where: t ∗ ≺ t B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 8 / 58
Formally defining Hindi phir , Nepali pheri (Ordering) phir/pheri “then” defined phir “then”: Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) & ∃ t ∗ Q ( e ∗ , t ∗ , . . . ) ∈ FA ( P ( e , t , . . . )) & ∃ e ∗ λ T λ t λ e λ P : . P ( e , t , . . . ) t ∗ ≺ t & ∃Q t , t ∗ ∈ T asserts an eventuality (“ P ”) which occurs at time t presupposes a (prior) eventuality (“ Q ”) which occurs at time t* , where: t ∗ ≺ t the earlier presupposed eventuality (“ Q ”) is one of the focus alternatives to the asserted eventuality (“ P ”) B Slade & A Csirmaz (Uni. of Utah) Then too. . . Meaning in Flux / Yale 8 / 58
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