The Road to 7.3a Conflicts between France and Great Britain in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Road to Revolution

(1745-1776)

Slides by Mr. Zindman

NEW YORK STATE STANDARD

7.3 AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE: Growing tensions over political power and economic issues sparked a movement for independence from Great Britain. New York played a critical role in the course and outcome of the American Revolution. 7.3a Conflicts between France and Great Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries in North America altered the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain.

➢ Students will locate battles fought between France and Great Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries, and how this led to the importance of British troops in the area of New York. ➢ Students will examine how Native Americans attempted to maintain a diplomatic balance between themselves and the French and the English settlers. ➢ Students will examine the changing economic relationship between the colonies and Great Britain, including mercantilism and the practice of salutary neglect. ➢ Students will identify the issues stemming from the Zenger Trial that affected the development of individual rights in colonial America.

7.3b Stemming from the French and Indian War, the British government enacted and attempted to enforce new political and economic policies in the colonies. These policies triggered varied colonial responses, including protests and dissent.

➢ Students will investigate the Albany Congress and the Albany Plan of Union as a plan for colonial unification. ➢ Students will examine actions taken by the British, including the Proclamation of 1763, the Quartering Act, the Stamp Act, the Tea Act, and the colonial responses to those actions. ➢ Students will compare British and colonial patriot portrayals of the Boston Massacre. ➢ Students will examine the events at Lexington and Concord as the triggering events for the Revolutionary War.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1.What conflicts altered the relationship between the colonists and Great Britain?

• 2. Why did people rebel against their government in the colonies?
• 3. How can we justify disobedience of laws?

4.How did the enlightenment influence specific principals of government? 5.What was the significance of the battles in Lexington and Concord? ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS: To understand the present and make plans for the future, you must understand the past. I CAN STATEMENTS:

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

LANGUAGE OBJECTIVE: 1.To determine the central idea from an informational text 2.To determine the topic and supporting details from a text.

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1.What conflicts altered the relationship between the colonists and Great

Britain? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• 2. Why did people rebel against their government in the colonies? How can

we justify disobedience of laws? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• 3. How did the enlightenment influence specific principals of government?

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• 4. What was the significance of the battles in Lexington and Concord?

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

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British Policies in the Colonies Salutary Neglect

Salutary neglect was a British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain. Prime Minister Robert Walpole stated that "If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish". This policy, which lasted from about 1607 to 1763, allowed the enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient. Salutary Neglect policy stated: 1.England's beneficial policy of not interfering with its American colonies 2.The British policy of tightly controlling colonial trade 3.The colonial disregard for the Church of England 4.The lack of care for slaves on the Middle Passage The British believed that the purpose of the colonies was to benefit England, the mother country. This concept of colonies supporting the mother country is known as mercantilism.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The Zenger Trial

The trial of John Peter Zenger, legal proceeding during the 1730s that helped form the political belief in the United States that citizens have the right to freely criticize their government. The case also fostered the idea of freedom of the press. In 1735 a jury in colonial New York found German American newspaper publisher and printer John Peter Zenger not guilty of the crime of seditious libel—that is, the communication of information intended to cause dissatisfaction with the government

• r other authorities. In his newspaper, the New York Weekly Journal, Zenger had

published articles criticizing the governor of the colony. The jury acquitted him on the grounds that what he had printed was true. Although the case did not create new legal precedent or immediately change the law of libel, it became the most important political trial of the period before the American Revolution. In 1736 Zenger published an account of the trial, bringing the arguments in favor of journalistic freedom to the attention of readers throughout the American colonies, as well as readers in other British colonies and in England.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

By 1775, it became clear to many that war could only settle the quarrel with England

What do you mean you won’t pay your taxes! 5

Colonists were outraged. They saw the Parliaments action as an attack on their civil liberties. As time went by anger in the colonies spread.

American colonists tarring and feathering a tax- collector.

• 1. Trouble on the Frontier

How did the British gain French territory in the Americas?

A series of wars had left England deeply in debt. A debt is an amount of money owed by a person or an

• rganization.

To raise money to repay their debt, Parliament decided to tax the colonies.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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At the same time, Christopher Gist, a Virginia fur trader roamed the Ohio Valley.

Christopher Gist

Rivalry in North America

On February 1751, he carved his claim to the land on the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers . This set the stage for a battle between France and England over the control of the Ohio River Valley.

In June 1749, the Governor of New France sent a group of men to the Ohio Valley. They hung metal plates on trees that proclaimed that the land belonged to France. Gist was summoned by the king to find a good settlement.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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By the mid-1700’s, the worldwide nations were locked in a worldwide struggle for the Americas. France, Spain, England and the Netherlands were in competition for trade in the new colonies. By the Late 1600’s, England had two rivals in North America (Spain and France.) The major threat from Spain was the West Indies and along the border between Georgia and Spanish Florida. Spain clashed in these areas because they had no settlements there. Spain had settlements in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona.

I want the Americas for Spain!

Competing Empires

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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In 1751, the French government issued an order that proclaimed, drive all the foreigners out of the Ohio Territory!

Stay out Of the Ohio Valley!

The French claimed a vast area in North America, Canada.

They claimed the land west from the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico.

To protect their lands, the French built a system of forts.

The French were determined to stop the English from intruding into their territory.

The Ohio Valley was important because it was a vital link between their lands in Canada and the Mississippi River.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The French expected the French to side with them

I do not want to be friends with the Europeans!

Native Americans Choose Sides

Native Americans had hunted animals and grown crops in the Ohio Valley for centuries

10-They did not want to give up their land to European settlers, French or English.

The French did not destroy the hunting grounds by clearing the forests for

• farms. Many French men married Native American women and adopted

their traditions.

11-Most French people were trappers and traders, not farmers.

Both France and England tried to make Indian allies because Indians controlled the fur trade in the heart of North America.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts

at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the

battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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They also did not respect Indian ways. The Indians fought back against the English to stop them from taking over their lands. In the end, both France and England found allies between the Native Americans. The French gained the support of the Algonquins and Hurons. In time, the English won over the powerful Iroquois nations, who were old enemies of the Algonquins.

Many Indians began to buy goods from the English rather than the French. A loss of Indian trade angered the French people who were determined to defend their claims to the Ohio Valley.

In contrast, the English settlers were mostly farm families.

They ignored the rights of the Indians and cleared the land for crops.

Some of the Indians supported the English because they charged lower prices for trade goods than the French did.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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16-George Washington was delivering a letter to the French forces in the Ohio Valley from England.

The French and Indian War

Captain Joncaire invited George Washington to dine with him. In his letter that Washington delivered he stated to the French to get out of the Ohio Valley, or else! A conflict between the English and French was now evident! On December 4, 1753 the French Captain Joncaire was just sitting down to eat his dinner when a tall young man strode into the room. He introduced himself as

15-Major George Washington.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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In 1754 fighting broke out again. The long conflict was called the French and Indian War. Scuffles between France and Great Britain in the Ohio River Valley triggered opening shots of the French and Indian War. Major George Washington played a very important role in this war

Opening Shots

Great Britain (England) and have been fighting for power in Europe and North America since 1689-1748.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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He was the son of wealthy parents At age 15 he began work as a

• surveyor. George Washington owned many slaves. William Lee was

Washington’s personal servant (or slave.) Washington trusted Lee with many of his military plans. His job took him to the frontier lands of West Virginia. After Washington returned from delivering the warning to the French his commander, Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie promoted him.

Governor Dinwiddie

George Washington

The fort was built to protect Virginia’s land claims in the upper Ohio River Valley.

George Washington grew up on a plantation in Virginia. Governor Dinwiddie then ordered Washington to take 150 men and build a fort where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers met.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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On April 1754, Washington headed for Ohio. Shortly afterwards he heard some disturbing news. The French had just completed Fort Duquesne at the fork of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. This was the precise spot Washington planned to build his fort. Quietly Washington surprised a French scouting party that was camped in the woods. He caused them to run away and scatter. Washington heard that the French were going to counter attack so he built a stockade. Fort Necessity.

He was outnumbered so he surrendered. The French released Washington so he returned home to Virginia. This event raised the anger between the English and the French

A large group of French and Indians surrounded Washington and his troops. The troops named it Fort Necessity..

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Benjamin Franklin's Snake Device, 1754, printed this in the Pennsylvania Gazette just prior to the Albany Congress, as the first newspaper cartoon published in British America.

What does this political cartoon tell you?

The colonies must join together and stand up to the British King. If the colonies do not stand together they will die.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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But they did not join the French either.

The Albany Congress

While Washington was defending Fort Necessity, delegates from the seven colonies gathered in Albany, New York.

• 1. They wanted the Iroquois to help them fight against the

French They met for two reasons:

They wanted them to form an alliance with the Iroquois. An alliance is an agreement between nations or groups to help each other against other nations or groups.

• 2. They also wanted to plan a united defense.

They Iroquois left the meeting without agreeing to help the British or French. They formed an alliance

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Benjamin Franklin stated in his own words: “ Everyone cries a union is needed, but when they come to the manner and for of the Union, their weak noodles are perfectly distracted!” What was Ben Franklin trying to say with these words?

We must stand united! The plan called for a Grand Council with representatives from each colony. The council would make tier own decisions. They would raise taxes, make laws, and set up the defense of the colonies. The Albany plan was submitted and the delegates voted to accept the plan, but not approve of it. The Albany Plan of the

Union plan was rejected because colonial governments believed it would force them to give up their own authority and territorial rights in the colonies.

Everybody wants to have a union but they are afraid to support it. We must stand united!

The colonists knew they had to work together if they were to defeat the French.

Benjamin Franklin, the delegate from Pennsylvania, proposed the Albany Plan of

• Union. Franklin was influenced from the Enlightenment. The scholars from the

Enlightenment said, people should determine their own government.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The French had only a single government so it was easy for them to plan a way to defend themselves.

Early British Defeats

At the start of the French and Indian War, the French enjoyed some advantages over the British The British had 13 colonies that approved all decisions, but they could not agree on a line of defense. The British colonies ruled the seas and had the coastal ports.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts

at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the

battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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He was nicknamed “the bulldog” He could fight a war in open fields but he knew little about how to fight in the wilderness of North America. George Washington, who went with Braddock, warned him that he was moving his troops too slow. In 1775, General Edward Braddock led British and colonial troops in an attack against Fort Duquesne. Braddock ignored Washington’s suggestion to move faster.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Pitt set out to win the war in North America. Pitt sent Britain’s best generals to fight the war. To encourage colonists to support the war, he promised large payments for military service and supplies. Under Pitt’s leadership, the tide of battle turned. In 1758, Major Jeffery Amherst captured Louisbourg, the most important fort in French

• Canada. Pitt also persuaded the Delaware

people to abandon the French at Fort Duquesne.

A Bold Leader Takes Charge

In 1757, William Pitt became the leader

• f the British government.

Soon the British conquered the fort and renamed it Fort Pitt.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Quebec was vital to the defense of New

• France. Without Quebec, the French would not

be able to support their forts farther up the St. Lawrence River. General Wolfe devised a bold plan.

The British Turn The Table

In 1759, the British pushed the French

from Fort Niagara and Fort Ticonderoga. General Pitt sent General James Wolfe to capture Quebec, the capital of New France.

He sent his troops in small ships to quietly sneak into the town in the evening. In a grassy field just outside the city the troops battled.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Soon afterwards the British won the battle. The fall of Quebec sealed the fate of

• France. In 1760, the

British took Montreal and won the war in North America. Fighting went on until the French ceded or surrendered.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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France was allowed to keep a few sugar-growing islands in the West Indies. In 1762, Spain gave Florida to Britain. In return, Spain gained all the lands west of the Mississippi as well as the city

• f New Orleans. After years of fighting peace

returned to North America.

• 1763. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of French

power in North America.

Under the treaty, British gained Canada and all lands East of the Mississippi River.

The French signed the Treaty of Paris in

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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They thought that maybe someday the colonies would unite against Great

• Britain. Benjamin Franklin thought

that it was improbable for the colonies to unite.

A Storm Over Taxes

2.The Colonists Resist Tighter Control

How did the French and Indian War raw the colonies closer together but increase friction with Britain?

As Britain celebrated the victory over France, a few British officials wondered if the 13 colonies would become too independent and a threat to Great Britain.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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With the French gone, the British eagerly headed west to farm the former French

• lands. Many Indian nations lived in the

Ohio Valley. As the British settlers moved into the valley, they often clashed with the Native Americans.

Conflict With Native Americans

French traders always treated the Native Americans as friends. They held large feasts for them and giving them presents.

In 1762, the British sent Lord Jeffery Amherst to the frontier to keep order. By 1760, the British had driven the French from the Ohio Valley.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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In 1763, Pontiac spoke against the British, calling them “dogs dressed in red, who have come into our hunting grounds to drive us away.”

They are dogs!

Pontiac’s War

That is what we are! Lord Jeffery raised the price of British goods traded to the Indians. He also allowed the British to build forts on Indian lands. Unhappy with Lord Jeffery,

Native Americans found a leader in Pontiac, an Ottawa chief who had fought with the French.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made

by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Soon after, Pontiac led an attack on British troops at Fort

• Detroit. Other Indians joined the

fight, and in a few months they captured most of the British forts on the frontier. The British struck back at the Indians and gained most of their captured lands back from the Indians.

The treaty marked the end of French power in North America. As a result the Indians could no longer hope for French aid against the British. One by one the Indians stopped fighting.

In October 1763, the French informed Pontiac that they signed the Treaty of Paris.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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If there are any settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains, they had to move immediately. To enforce this law the British sent 10,000 troops. This proclamation angered the colonists that claimed lands in the west. The western colonists would have to give up their land. They were outraged!

Proclamation of 1763

Pontiac’s war convinced the British to close western lands to

• settlers. To do this, the government issued the Proclamation of

1763.

Under the Proclamation, settlers were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts

at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the

battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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.As a result, the tax bill for citizens in Great Britain rose

• sharply. The British Prime Minister, George Grenville, decided

that the colonists in North America should share the burden

• f new taxes.

The Stamp Act Crisis

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

The French and Indian War put the British deeply into debt.

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It also taxed newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and even dice. All items named in the law had to carry a stamp showing the tax was paid.

The Sugar Act and Stamp Act

Grenville persuaded parliament to pass two new laws: The Sugar Act of 1764 placed a tax on molasses. The Stamp Act of 1765 put a tax on legal documents such as wills, diplomas, and marriage papers. Riots broke out in New York City, Newport and

• Charleston. Angry colonists

threw rocks at tax agents and help public protests.

When the British tried to enforce the Stamp Act, the colonists protested.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The colonists argue that only elected officials can vote on the right to pass taxes. The Parliament had no right to tax them because they did not elect the members of the Parliament.

The British could not understand why the colonists were so angry. The British just protected the colonies from the French in a war. The colonists reacted by stating that the taxes were unjust.

They claimed there should be no taxes without representation.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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A petition is a written letter to protest the government. In these petitions the colonists rejected the Stamp Act. The petition stated that the Parliament had no right to tax the colonies.

The Stamp Act brought a sense

• f unity in the colonies. In

October 1765, nine colonies sent delegates to what became known as the Stamp Act Congress.

The colonists drew up petitions to King George III and to the Parliament.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The boycott caused trade to fall 14 percent. In 1766, Parliament repealed, or cancelled the Stamp Act. The colonists took other steps to change the law. They joined together to boycott British goods. To boycott means an organized campaign to refuse to buy certain goods and services.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The taxes were low, but the colonists still objected. The colonists said again, no taxation without

• representation. The colonists believed, no law

should be passed without the consent of the colonists!

More Taxes

In May 1767, Parliament continued the debate over taxing the colonies. In the next month, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. Which taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, tea and lead.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

35

To help customs officers find illegal goods they were allowed to use the Writs of Assistance- court orders that allowed officials to make searches without saying what they were looking for.

Writs of Assistance

The colonists’ response to the Townshend Acts was loud and clear. From north to south, storekeepers signed the nonimportation agreements. In these agreements, they promised to stop importing goods taxed by the Townshend Acts.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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The Sons of Liberty was a protest group against the British policies. Women also joined together and called their group the Daughters of Liberty.

The colonists hoped the new boycott would repeal the Townshend Acts. Some angry colonists joined the Sons of Liberty. This group was first formed during the Stamp Act.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts at

a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

37

During the struggle over taxes, leaders emerged in all the colonies: In Massachusetts, Samuel Adams organized a Committee of Correspondence, which he wrote letters and pamphlets reporting

• n the events in Massachusetts. Adam’s cousin, John Adams was

another important leader in Massachusetts. John Adams was a

• lawyer. His knowledge of British law earned him much respect.

Abigail Adams, John Adam’s wife, wrote to spur colonists into action .

John Adams Samuel Adams

Leaders in the Struggle

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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In Virginia, George Washington joined with

• ther Virginians to protest the Townshend
• Acts. A Young man, Patrick Henry, gave

speeches that attacked British policies. Henry said in his speeches, “give me liberty or give me death!”

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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New Yorkers saw the law as another way to tax them without their approval. Britain also sent soldiers into Boston to bully the citizens and protect the British tax collectors and officials.

Centers of Protest

Port cities such as Boston and New York City were centers of

• protest. In New York, a dispute rose over the Quartering Act.

Under that law, colonists had to provide housing, candles, bedding and beverages to British soldiers stationed in the colonies. This became a way the British could spy on the colonists that were planning revolts.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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They also threw snowballs, oyster shells and chunks of ice at the

• soldiers. The crowd grew

louder and rowdier. Suddenly the soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd after one of the soldiers were hit.

The Boston Massacre On the night of March 5,

1770, a crowd gathered

• utside the Boston

Commons House. Colonists shouted insults to the British soldiers, calling them “lobster-backs.”

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Sam Adams quickly wrote to the

• ther colonists about the
• shooting. He called the shooting

the Boston Massacre. The new of the massacre spread and the colonists’ outrage grew

• tremendously. The soldiers were

brought to trial and were defended by John Adams. The British soldiers received light sentences because the crowd of people provoked them. When the smoke from the muskets cleared, five people were dead, including an African American Crispus Attucks and a seventeen year old young man. Crispus Attucks Christopher Snider

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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Many colonists agreed to the tax on tea because it was not so

• important. For a few years, the colonies remained calm.

The Repeal of the Townshend Acts

By chance, on the day of the Boston Massacre, Parliament voted to repeal most of the Townshend Acts. British merchants were hurt by the Nonimportation Agreements and asked King George III to repeal the taxes. King George agreed only to keep the tax on tea.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

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On night in July 1774, John Adams stopped at a tavern in eastern Massachusetts. After riding more that 30 miles he was hot and dusty. He asked the innkeeper for a cup of tea. The innkeeper said he would have to drink coffee because the innkeeper refused to sell tea because of the high tax place on tea.

• 3. From Protest to

Rebellion

How did the British tax policies move the colonists closer to rebellion?

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

44

The British East India Company brought most tea to the colonies. The company sold the tea to the merchants.

The Tea Act

I am the most popular drink in the colonies!

Tea became popular after it was brought to the colonies in the early 1700’s. By the 1770, at least one million Americans drank tea twice a day. The English believed that drinking tea would keep them healthy.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

45

The Tea Act allowed them to sell their tea directly to the colonists and avoid the merchants

I hate the tax on tea !

The merchants sold the tea to the colonists. The colonists refused to pay the tax for tea so more than 15 million pounds of tea laid unsold in the East India’s warehouse.

The colonists resented the tax on tea so they bought less amounts of tea.

To the surprise of the Parliament, the colonists protested the Tea Act. They still boycotted tea. In the boycott the colonists refused to buy tea.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

46

If the taxes were not paid in 20 days the governor would seize the cargo and have it sold. The deadline was Thursday December 16th.

The Boston Tea Party

Lets throw this tea into the Boston Harbor!

In late November 1773, three ships carrying tea arrived in Boston Harbor. Governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered the captain to pay the required taxes for the tea.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

47

By 10:00 P.M. All the tea from the ship was dumped into the harbor. This event was called the Boston Tea Party. All the people in Boston wondered what the Sons of Liberty were going to do about this

• situation. They wanted the ships to sail out of

the harbor. A group of men dressed like Mohawk Indians burst onto the ship and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

48

It was never disclosed who organized the Boston Tea Party. Britain was outraged with the tea party. In 1774 the Parliament acted to punish the colonists in Massachusetts.

Quartering and Intolerable Acts

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

49

Second First

The Four Intolerable Acts

No ship could enter or leave the harbor. Not even a small boat!

1-The Parliament shut down the port of Boston

In the past town meetings did not require permission. 2-Parliament forbade colonists to have town meetings without the governor’s permission.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

50

4 Fourth

Parliament passed the new Quartering Act. No longer would British soldiers (“red coats”) camp in tents in the Boston Common. They now forced citizens to house the British soldiers.

3 Third

Parliament provided for customs officers and other

• fficials charged with major crimes to be tried in Britain

instead of Massachusetts. Massachusetts’s colonists protested these acts. Colonists called these laws the Intolerable Acts because they were so harsh. The news of the Intolerable Acts spread. People responded to help the colonists in Boston.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

51

The British organized and prepared their troops for battle against the colonists. 4,000 more soldiers were brought from Great Britain to fight the colonists. Soon there were clashes between the colonists and soldiers that led to battles in Lexington and Concord. The first battles of the American Revolution!

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

This was the start of the battles for our new independent nation.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

52

In September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies gathered in what became known as the First Continental Congress. After much debate, the delegates passed over a solution backing Massachusetts in the struggle against the entire Intolerable Acts. The First Continental Congress

4.The War Begins

How did the American Revolution begin?

In response to Intolerable Acts, colonial leaders called a meeting in Philadelphia.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

53

The delegates organized soldiers called minutemen.

The First Continental Congress

They agreed to boycott all British goods and a stop exporting goods to Britain until the harsh laws were

• repealed. The delegates set up their own militia.

A militia is an army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency. They were called minutemen because they were able to get ready to fight in a minute’s time.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts

at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the

battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

54

“Gentlemen may cry, ‘Peace! Peace!’ But there is no

• peace. The war has actually begun! Why do we stand

here so still? Life so dear, or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” 68-Patrick Henry’s words echoed through the St. John’s church in Richmond, Virginia in Henry said:

Give me Liberty, or give me death!

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government

were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

55

By March 1775, the thirteen colonies stood on the brink of war. Delegates across Virginia met at the church to debate what action to

• take. Some wanted to give Great Britain another chance. Others, like

Henry, were ready to fight to protect their rights. Colonists across the land had to vote for a new nation. If they voted for a new nation this would mean a long hard war against the British.

We want Freedom!

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

56

Along their route, the rebels (or colonists) fired their muskets at

• them. That night, the redcoats watched the rebels set up campfires

around Boston. As the weeks and months passed there was a clear sign of the quarrel between Britain and the colonies would blaze into war! If you supported the colonial revolt you were a patriot. If you supported England you were called a loyalist.

The Patriots will never give up this bridge! until all the “lobster backs” go home!

Patriots Against Loyalists

As darkness fell, the redcoats (or British soldiers, A.K.A. Regulars) sneaked into Boston from Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

57

While the Green Mountain Boys celebrated the their victory, delegates from the colonies met at the Second Continental

• Congress. Although fighting had begun, many Delegates did

not want to break off from Great Britain. A few, including

Sam Adams John Adams

Petitioning the King

We must declare

• ur

independence!

70-Sam Adams and John Adams secretly wanted the colonies to declare their independence.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

58

Allen knew the fort had many cannons that the rebels badly needed. The rebels also gained a valuable supply of gunpowder. The commander surrendered to the rebels. This victory gave the Americans control of a key route into the Americas.

I am Ethan Allen

An Important Victory-The Green Mountain Boys

In 1775, the colonies did not have an army or even a united

• government. In each colony, rebels took daring actions. Ethan

Allen, A Vermont blacksmith known for his temper, led a band of “Vermonters” in an attack.

Ethan Allen led the rebels called the Green Mountain Boys.

In a surprise attack, Ethan Allen overpowered the redcoats at Fort Ticonderoga.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

59

This petition declared their loyalty to the king and asked him to repeal the Intolerable Acts. At the same time the Congress took a bold step. They set up the Continental Army. John Adams proposed George Washington as the commander.

I will not repeal the Intolerable Acts!

The delegates got together and sent King George III a petition called the Olive Branch Petition. The delegates voted Washington as the commander of the Continental Army.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

60

The British, on the other hand, had highly trained, experienced troops. Britain’s navy was the most powerful in the world. Britain’s only problem was traveling and communication to their homeland 3,000 miles away.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Washington had a difficult task ahead

• f him. He had to train the Continental
• Army. Washington was a brilliant
• leader. He won all the respect from his

troops.

We are the experienced army!

They had few cannons, little gunpowder, and no navy.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American

• Revolution. I can explain what attempts

at a representative government were made by the colonists under British

• law. I can explain the significance of the

battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

61

While Washington was riding towards Boston the rebels tightened their circle around the city. The Americans wanted to keep the British from marching into the city. At sunset on June 16, 1775, Colonel William Prescott led 1,200 minutemen to take a position on Bunker Hill in Charleston, across the river from Boston.

We are ready to fight the British!

We are part of the painting showing the death of General Warren

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

62

At sunrise, British General William Howe, spotted the Americans and ferried across the harbor with 2,400

• redcoats. The soldiers moved slowly because the carried

125 pounds of equipment and because it was very hot. Soon the British soldiers approached the trenches.

Do not shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!

Wait until the Red Coats are close so you get a good shot at them. Prescott ordered his men to dig trenches and be ready to fight at dawn. The Americans had very little gunpowder, they shouted, “Do not shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!” (What does these words mean?)

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

63

Two times the British soldiers approached Bunker Hill and had to

• retreat. On the third

day the British

• vertook the hill.

The redcoats took charge of Bunker Hill and force the Americans to flee. It all, more than 1,000 redcoats lost their lives.

I am a monument in honor of the 1,000 soldiers that died in the Battle of Bunker Hill. I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

64

It proved that Americans could fight bravely. It also showed that the British would not be easy to defeat.

I’m crossing the Delaware River with George Washington

I’m George Washington

The Battle of Bunker Hill was the encounter between the colonial militia and the British regulars. This battle began

• f the American Revolution .

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

65

His job was difficult because soldiers from different colonies did not trust one

• another. Slowly,

Washington won the loyalty

• f all the troops.

We are fighting to take over the North Bridge Why is Washington loved by his troops?

Redcoats Leave Boston

Washington finally reached Boston in midsummer. There he found about 1,600 troops camped in huts and tents. Washington quickly began to turn raw recruits into a trained army.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

66

On January 1776, the Continental Army had a firm grip around Boston. Washington had cannons placed on Dorchester Heights

• verlooking Boston and its harbor. General

Howe realized he could not overpower the Americans so they sailed to Boston and Halifax, Canada.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

67

The British also hired mercenaries to help win the war. Mercenaries are soldiers that serve another country for money. Although the British troops left Boston, King George III ordered a blockade of all colonial ports. A blockade is a shutting down of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or

• ut.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

68

Montgomery seized the city in 1775 and moved towards Quebec. Benedict Arnold led the second army north through Maine. He was to join with the forces in Quebec. Arnold had a difficult time reaching Quebec. They had no food

• r supplies. The weather was also
• freezing. When he reached Quebec he

was disappointed that the French would not support his army.

Invading Canada

Some Americans wanted to attack the British in Canada. They hoped to win support from the French Canadians who were unhappy with the British rule. In the fall of 1775, two American armies moved north into Canada.

Richard Montgomery led one army from Fort Ticonderoga to Montreal.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

69

They stayed outside the city until May 1776. Weakened by disease,

I was killed in the Battle of Quebec

In a blinding snowstorm on December 31, 1775, the Americans attacked

• Quebec. Montgomery was

killed, and Arnold was wounded. The Americans failed to take the city. the Americans withdrew from Canada, leaving the land for the British.

I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can explain what attempts at a representative government were made by the colonists under British law. I can explain the significance of the battles of Bunker Hill, Concord, and Lexington.

70

1.What conflicts altered the relationship between the colonists and Great

Britain? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• 2. Why did people rebel against their government in the colonies? How can

we justify disobedience of laws? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• 3. How did the enlightenment influence specific principals of government?

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

• 4. What was the significance of the battles in Lexington and Concord?

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

71 I can explain what factors played a critical role in the road to the American Revolution. I can