The Pancreas is a mixed glandular organ (has both endocrine - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Pancreas is a mixed glandular organ (has both endocrine secretions [like the insulin H] and exocrine secretions [Hormones to the digestive system], In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. it consist of
is a mixed glandular organ (has both endocrine secretions [like the insulin H] and exocrine secretions [Hormones to the digestive system], In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. it consist of head,neck,body and tail. **the pancreas as endocrine gland it producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, all of which circulate in the blood.
Is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, and it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of, Specially the glucose from the blood and facilitate the enterance of it to the cells to be used. In the liver and the skeletal muscle cells the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen by glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues
*If the body has a problem in Synthesis or secretion insulin or using it effectively to process glucose from food it will lead to abnormal condition called Diabetes Mellitus(DM).
immune system mistakenly attaks and kills beta cell of the pancreas , no or very little insulin is released into the body as result the suger build up in blood instead of being used as energy. this type developed in children
when the body can't properly used the insulin that released or dosen't make enough insulin. this type develope in adult. treatment: depend on severity it may be managed by plannig meals and phyical activities or required
In Hyperglycemia
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cellof the pancreas. *it works to raise the concentration of glucose and fat in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone
It is also used as a medication to treat a number
elevates the concentration of glucose in the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
decrees fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue and the liver, • as well as promoting lipolysis in these tissues which causes them to release fatty acids into circulation where they can be catablished to generate energy in tissues such as skeletal muscle when required
Abnormally elevated levels of glucagon may be caused by pancreatic tumors, such as glucagonoma, symptoms of which include • necrolytic migratory erythema, ••reduced amino acids,••• and hyperglycemia.
Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by some other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation through interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibitory of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
the release of gastrointestinal hormones *Gastrin **Cholecystokinin (CCK) ***Secretin ****Motilin *****Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ******Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) *******Enteroglucagon
emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine. 3-Suppresses the release
4-Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.
cause abdominal cramps and pain, persistent diarrhea, high blood glucose concentrations, weight loss, and episodic flushing of the skin.
deficiency have been found in Alzheimer disease.
by gama cells
1-is to self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine) 2- it also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. 3-it is secretion increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia and is reduced by somatostatin and intravenous glucose.