The NICE Properties of Auxiliaries 2003 CSLI Publications Our - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Chapter 13, Sections 13.3-13.5 The NICE Properties of Auxiliaries  2003 CSLI Publications

Our Analysis of Auxiliaries So Far • Auxiliaries are subject-raising verbs (following Ross) • Most basic distributional facts about them can be handled through ARG-ST constraints -- that is selectional restrictions between auxiliaries and their complements (following McCawley) • Auxiliaries are identified via a HEAD feature AUX, which we have not yet put to use  2003 CSLI Publications

Descriptive Summary of the NICE Properties Sentences are negated by putting not after the first auxiliary verb; they can N egation be reaffirmed by putting too or so in the same position Questions are formed by putting an I nversion auxiliary verb before the subject NP Auxiliary verbs take negated forms, C ontraction with n’t affixed Verb phrases immediately following an E llipsis auxiliary verb can be omitted  2003 CSLI Publications

Negation (and Reaffirmation) • Polar adverbs (sentential not, so, and too ) appear immediately following an auxiliary • Pat will not leave • Pat will SO leave • Pat will TOO leave • What about examples like Not many people left ? • What happens when you want to deny or reaffirm a sentence with no auxiliary? • Pat left • Pat did not leave • Pat did TOO leave  2003 CSLI Publications

The Auxiliary do • Like modals, do only occurs in finite contexts: *Pat continued to do not leave • Unlike modals, do cannot be followed by other auxiliaries: *Pat did not have left   auxv-lxm � �   � � FORM fin  SYN HEAD                verb     � �   � SYN  HEAD FORM base �         do ,      ARG-ST X ,    −  AUX           � �   SEM INDEX  s      � �   INDEX s   SEM   � � RESTR  2003 CSLI Publications

The ADV pol -Addition Lexical Rule   pi-rule           verb         FORM fin         SYN HEAD         POL − �   �               INPUT X , AUX +             � 1 � ⊕ ARG-ST    A        � �   SEM INDEX   s 1           � �   HEAD POL +     SYN       � �      � Z �  VAL SPR               � � ADV pol       OUTPUT Y ,     � � INDEX   s 2     � 1 � ⊕ ⊕ ARG-ST   A   � �     � �   RESTR ARG s 1                   � �    SEM INDEX  s 2  2003 CSLI Publications

What does the type pi-rule mean? • It maps words to words (hence, “post-inflectional”) • It preserves MOD values, HEAD values as a default, and (like other lexical rule types) SEM values as a default     word      HEAD / 1  � �       / 0 , INPUT SYN     � �   MOD  VAL   A          SEM / 2           word          HEAD / 1  � �     / 0 ,  OUTPUT SYN    � �     VAL MOD   A           SEM / 2  2003 CSLI Publications

What is the role of these indices?   pi-rule           verb         FORM fin         SYN HEAD         − POL �   �               INPUT X , AUX +             � 1 � ⊕ ARG-ST    A        � �   SEM INDEX s 1             � �   HEAD POL +     SYN       � �      � Z �  VAL SPR               � � ADV pol       OUTPUT Y ,     � � INDEX s 2       � 1 � ⊕ ⊕ ARG-ST   A   � �     � �   RESTR ARG s 1                   � �    SEM  INDEX s 2  2003 CSLI Publications

Which not s does the rule license?   pi-rule          verb          FORM fin         SYN HEAD         POL − �   �               INPUT X , AUX +             � 1 � ⊕ ARG-ST    A         � �  SEM INDEX   s 1           � �   HEAD POL +     SYN        � �     � Z �  VAL SPR               � � ADV pol       OUTPUT Y ,    � �  INDEX   s 2    � 1 � ⊕  ⊕ ARG-ST  A    � �     � �    RESTR ARG s 1                  � �    SEM INDEX  s 2 Andy must not have been sleeping? Andy must have not been sleeping? Andy must have been not sleeping? Kleptomaniacs cannot not steal. Kleptomaniacs cannot not steal.  2003 CSLI Publications

Which not s does the rule license?   pi-rule          verb          FORM fin         SYN HEAD         POL − �   �               INPUT X , AUX +             � 1 � ⊕ ARG-ST    A         � �  SEM INDEX   s 1           � �   HEAD POL +     SYN        � �     � Z �  VAL SPR               � � ADV pol       OUTPUT Y ,    � �  INDEX   s 2    � 1 � ⊕  ⊕ ARG-ST  A    � �     � �    RESTR ARG s 1                  � �    SEM INDEX  s 2 ✓ Andy must not have been sleeping? 7 Andy must have not been sleeping? 7 Andy must have been not sleeping? ✓ Kleptomaniacs cannot not steal. 7 Kleptomaniacs cannot not steal.  2003 CSLI Publications

Negation and Reaffirmation: A Sample Tree S NP VP Leslie V ADV pol VP did so eat the whole pizza  2003 CSLI Publications

Inversion • Yes-no questions begin with an auxiliary: Will Robin win? • The NP after the auxiliary has all the properties of a subject • Agreement: Have they left? vs. *Has they left? • Case: *Have them left? • Raising: Will there continue to be food at the meetings? • What happens if you make a question out of a sentence without an auxiliary?  2003 CSLI Publications

Inversion • Yes-no questions begin with an auxiliary: Will Robin win? • The NP after the auxiliary has all the properties of a subject • Agreement: Have they left? vs. *Has they left? • Case: *Have them left? • Raising: Will there continue to be food at the meetings? • What happens if you make a question out of a sentence without an auxiliary? Robin won Did Robin win?  2003 CSLI Publications