“ The Fut “ The Future o ure of Energ f Energy and Tr y and Transp ansporta ortation tion” George P . Hansen Director, R&D Science Office General Motors Japan T okyo, Japan PCC June 2012
Global Primary Energy Consumption (2007) Global Primary Energy Consumption (2007) 46% 54% Light Duty Other Vehicles Data Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2009 Global total 2007 energy use 503 EJ (EJ = Exajoule; 503 EJ = 5.03x10 20 Joules) 476 quad (quad = quadrillion BTU; 476 quad = 4.76x10 17 BTU) 139 PWh (PWh = petawatt-hour; 139 PWh = 1.39x10 17 Wh) 12.0 billion toe (toe = tons-of-oil-equivalent; metric tons) 82.3 billion boe (boe = barrels-of-oil-equivalent; volume of 13.1 km 3 or 3.14 mi 3 )
Light Duty Transportation Growth Light Duty Transportation Growth 2010: 12% of the world’s 7B people operate 830 million vehicles 2050: 22% of the world’s 9B people operate 2 billion vehicles 4
The Personal Mobility Challenge The Personal Mobility Challenge The Options in the USin 1917 The Options in the USin 1917 # 1 @ 40% # 1 @ 40% # 2 @ 38% # 2 @ 38% Steam Steam Battery Electric Battery Electric 1903 Stanley Steamer 1888 Parker Electric # 3 @ 22% # 3 @ 22% 0% 0% Hybrids Hybrids Internal Combustion Engine Internal Combustion Engine 1900 Ferdinand Porsche’s “Mixte” Lohner Coach 1912 Cadillac with Internal Combustion Engine
The Personal Mobility Challenge The Personal Mobility Challenge The Options in the USin 2011 The Options in the USin 2011 0% 0% 0% 0% Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell Extended Range Battery Electric Extended Range Battery Electric Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell 2011 Chevrolet Volt # 2 @ <1% # 2 @ <1% # 1 @ >99% # 1 @ >99% Internal Combustion Engine Internal Combustion Engine Hybrids Hybrids 2011 Chevrolet Camaro 2011 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
Strategy for Energy Diversification - Blending Strategy ��� �� �� ��������� Propulsion System Energy Carrier Primary Sources Conversion MECHANICAL DRIVE ������� �� (Conventional) Petroleum Fuels ���� ��������� Petroleum Liquid Fuels Gasoline Diesel ICE 1 st & 2 nd Gen. Biofuels �� (Non-Conventional) ����������� Petroleum Synthetic fuels (XTL) Local fuel ICE (NG etc) ������ Syngas ( � CNG) CO, H 2 ���������� ��� Biomass ICE with hybrid �������� ���� Natural Gas ��� ���� Plug-in hybrid ����� �� ��� �� Coal ������� EV: Electricity ���� E-REV ���� Renewables ���������� ( �� �� , �� , �� ) BEV �� FC ����� ��� Nuclear Hydrogen FECV ELECTRIC DRIVE
Energy Efficiency (JHFC Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Project) FCV Current FCV Future Gasoline Gasoline HV Diesel Diesel HV
CO2 (JHFC Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Project) FCV Current FCV Future Gasoline Gasoline HV Diesel Diesel HV
Electricity Generation Electricity Generation – Diversity Among US States – Diversity Among US States Source: Energy Information Administration
GM’s Powertrain Strategy: Diversifying Energy Sources, Reduce Dependence on Petroleum, Reduce Impact on Environment Hy Hydroge drogen Fue n Fuel Cell E l Cell EV In Increase v ease vehicle e icle eff ffic iciency iency Reduce p uce petroleum oleum Ele lect ctrific rification o ation of E-REV (Range Extension) Reduce e uce energy rgy lo losses es depend endency ency the powertrain the powert in Battery EV Hybrids Hybri rid d (i (incl. Pl cl. Plug- in) g- in) In Internal ernal com ombusti ustion e on engine ne Diversif Div ersifica icatio tion n of of Time energy sourc energy sources Petrole roleum um ���� ������ , �������� , CNG, LPG) Alt Altern ernati ative ve Fuel Fuels s (Ethanol, Bio- diesel, CNG , LPG ) �� (conventional and alternative sources) Elect ectric ricity ity Hy Hydroge drogen ��
Meeting Transportation Needs There is no single Silver Bullet High Load Duty Cycle Drive Cycle Stop-and-go Continuous Low �� Urban/ Local Highway/ Long distance Load Battery & Fuel Cell Technologies are both required within the portfolio
Storing Energy in the Vehicle Assuming a car with 500 km range, energy storage requirements in volume & weight as follows. Diesel Lithium Ion Battery Hydrogen 700 bar Compressed Hydrogen 6 kg H 2 = 200 kWh System System System Cell Fuel Fuel 43 kg 43 kg 830 kg 125 kg 33 kg 540 kg 6 kg 46 L 46 L 260 L 670 L 37 L 170 L 360 L
Path towards Electrification A Wide Range of Applications � Mild Hybrid – e-assist � Full Hybrid – 2-Mode � PHEV – 2-Mode � EREV – Voltec � BEV – EV Propulsion � FCEV – FC Propulsion Hydrogen Electricity – ZEV Fuel Hybrid 2-Mode PHEV EREV BEV FCEV Electrification
Chevrolet VOL Chevrolet VOL T T Q: What is the Chevrolet VOLT? A: Battery Electric Vehicle (B-EV) With Extended Range Capability Q: What does that mean? A: As long as the battery is charged it runs on the battery (electricity) no matter how much acceleration or how fast you go. Electric range is 40-80 km. Q: Then what happens? A: Once the battery is depleted, the engine starts and produces energy to move the vehicle another 500+ km 15
Evolution of Propulsion Systems Start Start ICE ICE EV / BEV EV / BEV Hyb Hybrid rid PHV PHV EV E- REV EV E- REV FCEV FCEV
System Cost of Propulsion System EV Cost E-REV 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Range / km
Experience of Chevrolet Customers - Driving experience of an Electric Vehicle with a Piece of Mind without a public charging infrastructure •In the US, gasoline refueling every 1000 miles (1600 km) in average •Two Thirds of Distanced driven are full electric mode 80 percent of US drivers drive less than 40 miles (64 km) per day =>Chevrolet Battery is right-sized for those needs
Fuel Cell Stack Technology Status 3.0 Automotive Target 2.0 Volumetric power density (kW/l) Gravimetric power density (kW/kg) 1.0 0.0 1997 1998 2000 2003 2010 2004 St 3 - 1997 Stack 2000 S2.1 - 2003 S4 - 2004 Current St 4 - 1998
Fuel Cell System Development Progress � Dynamic Load Following � 2000 � Freeze � 2007 � Power Density � 2007 � � 300 mile Range 2007 � � Fast (3 min.) Refueling 2009 � Cost Roadmap � 2009 � Durability (in Lab) � 2010 � Production Cost & Field Durability 2015+ Progress towards commercialization…
GM’s Development of a Battery EV • GM will introduce the Chevrolet Spark EV in 2013 in select US and other markets including California • A123 providing Lithium Ion battery packs • Detailed data will be announced at a later stage 21
Thinking about The Next Stage of Personal Mobility for Mega Cities Design • Easy to Drive • Affordable and Clean Reinventing Personal Electrification Urban �� Connectivity Zero Emission Mobility • Crash Avoidance Energy Diversity Efficient traffic management
Chevrolet EN-V s Components and Functions
Vehicle Electrification requires development of systems Power Electronics High-Voltage HV Battery (Li Ion) Distribution FC System HV Cables-DC Interface Electric Drive Unit Electric Waterpump HV Cables-AC Electric A/ C Regenerative Electric Brake System Power Steering
Summary � GM is developing a variety of propulsion technologies � Electrification technology is a requirement for the future � Electrification includes hybrids, PHEV, EREV, BEV and FCEV � The Chevrolet Volt is a highly practical EV � GM’s development of fuel cell technology is moving steadily forward � GM will introduce the Chevrolet Spark EV in 2013 � For developing and introducing new technologies, collaboration is important � The trend of Mega Cities requires new thoughts on Personal Mobility
George P Hansen Contact Details George P Hansen Contact Details • General Motors Japan Ltd. • Director of Communications & R&D Science Office george.hansen@gm.com www.gmjapan.co.jp www.chevrolet.co.jp www.cadillac.co.jp www.gm.com Twitter: @gmapj 26
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