The Fut The Future o ure of Energ f Energy and Tr y and Transp - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

“ The Fut “ The Future o ure of Energ f Energy and Tr y and Transp ansporta

• rtation

tion”

George P . Hansen

Director, R&D Science Office General Motors Japan

T

• kyo, Japan

PCC June 2012

Data Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2009

Global Primary Energy Consumption (2007) Global Primary Energy Consumption (2007)

46% Light Duty Vehicles 54% Other Global total 2007 energy use 503 EJ (EJ = Exajoule; 503 EJ = 5.03x1020 Joules) 476 quad (quad = quadrillion BTU; 476 quad = 4.76x1017 BTU) 139 PWh (PWh = petawatt-hour; 139 PWh = 1.39x1017 Wh) 12.0 billion toe (toe = tons-of-oil-equivalent; metric tons) 82.3 billion boe (boe = barrels-of-oil-equivalent; volume of 13.1 km3 or 3.14 mi3)

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Light Duty Transportation Growth Light Duty Transportation Growth

2010: 12% of the world’s 7B people operate 830 million vehicles 2050: 22% of the world’s 9B people operate 2 billion vehicles

Hybrids Hybrids

The Personal Mobility Challenge

The Options in the USin 1917

The Personal Mobility Challenge

The Options in the USin 1917

Battery Electric Battery Electric Steam Steam

1888 Parker Electric 1900 Ferdinand Porsche’s “Mixte” Lohner Coach

Internal Combustion Engine Internal Combustion Engine

1912 Cadillac with Internal Combustion Engine 1903 Stanley Steamer

# 1 @ 40% # 1 @ 40% # 2 @ 38% # 2 @ 38% # 3 @ 22% # 3 @ 22% 0% 0%

Hybrids Hybrids Extended Range Battery Electric Extended Range Battery Electric Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell

2011 Chevrolet Volt 2011 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid

Internal Combustion Engine Internal Combustion Engine

2011 Chevrolet Camaro

0% 0% 0% 0% # 1 @ >99% # 1 @ >99% # 2 @ <1% # 2 @ <1%

Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell

The Personal Mobility Challenge

The Options in the USin 2011

The Personal Mobility Challenge

The Options in the USin 2011

Strategy for Energy Diversification

• Blending Strategy

ELECTRIC DRIVE

• ICE with hybrid
• BEV
• Plug-in hybrid

FC FECV

• Local fuel ICE (NG etc)

EV:

• E-REV
• Gasoline Diesel ICE

1st & 2nd Gen. Biofuels

• Synthetic fuels (XTL)

Petroleum Fuels

Nuclear Coal

Natural Gas

Biomass

Renewables

( , , )

(Conventional)

Petroleum

(Non-Conventional)

Petroleum

• ( CNG)
• Hydrogen
• Primary Sources
• Conversion
• Energy Carrier
• Propulsion System
• Liquid Fuels
• Electricity

Syngas CO, H2

MECHANICAL DRIVE

FCV Current Diesel HV Diesel Gasoline HV Gasoline FCV Future

Energy Efficiency (JHFC Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Project)

FCV Current Diesel HV Diesel Gasoline HV Gasoline FCV Future

CO2 (JHFC Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Project)

Electricity Generation – Diversity Among US States Electricity Generation – Diversity Among US States

Source: Energy Information Administration

GM’s Powertrain Strategy: Diversifying Energy Sources, Reduce Dependence on Petroleum, Reduce Impact on Environment

Time

In Increase v ease vehicle e icle eff ffic iciency iency Reduce e uce energy rgy lo losses es Reduce p uce petroleum

• leum

depend endency ency

, , CNG, LPG)

(conventional and alternative sources)

• Div

Diversif ersifica icatio tion n of

• f

energy energy sourc sources Ele lect ctrific rification o ation of the powert the powertrain in

Hybrids

Hybri rid d (i (incl. Pl

• cl. Plug- in)

g- in) In Internal ernal com

• mbusti

ustion e

• n engine

ne

E-REV (Range Extension) Battery EV

Hy Hydroge drogen Fue n Fuel Cell E l Cell EV

Elect ectric ricity ity Alt Altern ernati ative ve Fuel Fuels s (Ethanol, Bio- diesel, CNG, LPG) Hy Hydroge drogen Petrole roleum um

Meeting Transportation Needs

There is no single Silver Bullet

Low Load

Drive Cycle Duty Cycle

Continuous Stop-and-go High Load

• Urban/ Local

Highway/ Long distance

Battery & Fuel Cell Technologies are both required within the portfolio

46 L 43 kg System 46 L 43 kg 670 L 830 kg Cell 540 kg 360 L

Lithium Ion Battery

Fuel 33 kg 37 L

Diesel

260 L 125 kg Fuel 6 kg 170 L

700 bar Compressed Hydrogen 6 kg H2 = 200 kWh

Storing Energy in the Vehicle

Assuming a car with 500 km range, energy storage requirements in volume & weight as follows.

System System

Hydrogen

Path towards Electrification

A Wide Range of Applications

Electrification 2-Mode EREV Electricity – ZEV Fuel PHEV BEV Hybrid

FCEV

Hydrogen

Mild Hybrid – e-assist Full Hybrid – 2-Mode PHEV – 2-Mode EREV – Voltec BEV – EV Propulsion FCEV – FC Propulsion

Chevrolet VOL T Chevrolet VOL T

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Q: What is the Chevrolet VOLT? A: Battery Electric Vehicle (B-EV) With Extended Range Capability Q: What does that mean? A: As long as the battery is charged it runs on the battery (electricity) no matter how much acceleration or how fast you go. Electric range is 40-80 km. Q: Then what happens? A: Once the battery is depleted, the engine starts and produces energy to move the vehicle another 500+ km

Evolution of Propulsion Systems

EV E- REV EV E- REV ICE ICE Hyb Hybrid rid EV / BEV EV / BEV PHV PHV FCEV FCEV Start Start

Range / km

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

EV E-REV

Cost

System Cost of Propulsion System

Experience of Chevrolet Customers

• Driving experience of an Electric Vehicle with a Piece of Mind

without a public charging infrastructure

• In the US, gasoline refueling every 1000 miles (1600 km) in average
• Two Thirds of Distanced driven are full electric mode

80 percent of US drivers drive less than 40 miles (64 km) per day =>Chevrolet Battery is right-sized for those needs

Fuel Cell Stack Technology Status

S2.1 - 2003 St 3 - 1997 St 4 - 1998 S4 - 2004 Stack 2000 Current

0.0 1.0 2.0 1997 1998 2000 2003 2004

Automotive Target

3.0 2010 Volumetric power density (kW/l) Gravimetric power density (kW/kg)

Fuel Cell System Development Progress

Progress towards commercialization…

Dynamic Load Following Freeze Power Density 300 mile Range Fast (3 min.) Refueling Cost Roadmap Durability (in Lab) Production Cost & Field Durability

• 2009

2010 2000 2007 2007

• 2015+
• 2009
• 2007

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• GM will introduce the Chevrolet Spark EV in 2013 in select

US and other markets including California

• A123 providing Lithium Ion battery packs
• Detailed data will be announced at a later stage

GM’s Development of a Battery EV

Thinking about The Next Stage of Personal Mobility for Mega Cities

Design

Connectivity

Electrification

Reinventing Personal Urban Mobility

• Crash Avoidance

Efficient traffic management Zero Emission Energy Diversity

• Easy to Drive
• Affordable and Clean

Chevrolet EN-V s Components and Functions

HV Cables-AC Electric Drive Unit Regenerative Brake System Electric Power Steering Electric Waterpump Electric A/ C Interface High-Voltage Distribution HV Battery (Li Ion) HV Cables-DC Power Electronics

Vehicle Electrification requires development of systems

FC System

Summary

GM is developing a variety of propulsion technologies Electrification technology is a requirement for the future Electrification includes hybrids, PHEV, EREV, BEV and FCEV The Chevrolet Volt is a highly practical EV GM’s development of fuel cell technology is moving steadily forward GM will introduce the Chevrolet Spark EV in 2013 For developing and introducing new technologies, collaboration is important The trend of Mega Cities requires new thoughts on Personal Mobility

George P Hansen Contact Details George P Hansen Contact Details

• General Motors Japan Ltd.
• Director of Communications & R&D Science Office

george.hansen@gm.com www.gmjapan.co.jp www.chevrolet.co.jp www.cadillac.co.jp www.gm.com Twitter: @gmapj

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