The Biology of Amphibians @ Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Biology of Amphibians @ Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 17, 2023 165 likes •655 views

The Biology of Amphibians @ Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623) Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis moreletii 1.2 : Introduction of Amphibians Centrolenidae:

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SLIDE 1

The Biology of Amphibians

@ Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica

Executive Director

The Amphibian Foundation

mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623)

Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis moreletii

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SLIDE 2

Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium valeroi

1.2: Introduction of Amphibians

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SLIDE 3 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 4 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) A c t i n
  • p
t e r y g i a n ( R a y
  • fi
n F i s h e s ) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) C
  • e
l a c a n t h , L u n g fi s h T e t r a p
  • d
  • m
  • r
p h a † ( s t e m
  • t
e t r a p
  • d
s ) Tetrapods L e p
  • s
p
  • n
d y l s † Temnospondyls † A m n i
  • t
a ( R e p t i l e s , M a m m a l s ) * G e r
  • b
a t r a c h u s † ( ’ f r
  • g
  • m
a n d e r ’ ) Lissamphibia E
  • c
a e c i l i a † Gymnophiona Apoda Batrachia Urodela K a r a u r u s † Salientia Caudata T r i a d
  • b
a t r a c h u s † Anura (including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Plate Tectonics

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SLIDE 5
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SLIDE 6 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 7

Phylogenetic tree (or cladogram)

clade = monophyletic

A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members and all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor

node

The point at which the branch of a phylogenetic tree (or cladogram) intersects or terminates.

paraphyletic

A group of organisms which includes the most recent common ancestor of all of its members, but not all of the descendants of that most recent common ancestor

phylogeny -- The evolutionary relationships among organisms; the patterns of lineage branching produced by the true evolutionary history of the organisms being considered.

polyphyletic

A group of organisms which does not include the most recent common ancestor of those

  • rganisms; the ancestor does not possess the

character shared by members of the group.

X

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SLIDE 8

Phylogenetic tree (or cladogram)

systematics -- Field of biology that deals with the diversity of life. Systematics is usually divided into the two areas

  • f phylogenetics and taxonomy.

1 2

apomorphy

A novel derived evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species

basal

The earliest diverging group within a clade (eg: node 1)

derived

Refers to a character or feature found within a single lineage of a larger group; it is not shared with all organisms in the larger group. Derived characters are used to infer evolutionary relationships, as derived characters evolved after primitive characters (eg: node 2)

synapomorphy

A character which is derived, and because it is shared by the taxa under consideration, is used to infer common ancestry

sister group

The two clades resulting from the splitting of a single lineage


‘E’ (node 2) is the ‘sister group’ to node 1

pleisiomorphy

A primitive character state for the taxa under consideration.

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SLIDE 9
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SLIDE 11
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SLIDE 12 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 13

Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi

Actinopterygii: Ray-finned Fishes

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SLIDE 14 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 15

Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned Fishes

Bichir Coelacanth Lungfish

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Sarcopterygii: Eusthenopteron †

Late Devonian period, about 385 million years ago

Tetrapodomorph fish

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Sarcopterygii: Panderichthys †

Late Devonian period, about 380 million years ago

Tetrapodomorph fish

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Sarcopterygii: Tiktaalik †

Late Devonian period, about 375 million years ago

Tetrapodomorph fish

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SLIDE 20

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Why would Devonian vertebrates want to leave the water?

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SLIDE 21

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

What types of changes would need to occur to support life on land?

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SLIDE 22

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Respiration

Gills ————> Lungs

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SLIDE 23

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Gravitational Support

Bending of wrists and ankles Well developed ribs Weight bearing bones

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SLIDE 24

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Sensory Perception

Smells, sights and sounds are transmitted differently in air and water

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SLIDE 25

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Larval Development

A free-swimming aquatic larval stage metamorphoses into a terrestrial adult

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Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Neck Mobility

Cervical vertebrae provide flexion for locating prey and predators

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SLIDE 27

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Hindlimb Locomotion

Development of sacrum and sacral vertebrae

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SLIDE 28

Preparations for Terrestrial Life

Pre-adaptations

Feeding

Changes in feeding mechanism from suction feeding to biting

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SLIDE 29 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 30
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SLIDE 31

Tetrapodomorpha: Acanthostega †

Late Devonian period, about 365 million years ago

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SLIDE 32

Tetrapodomorpha: Ichthyostega †

Late Devonian period, about 365 million years ago

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SLIDE 33 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 34

Lepospondyl: Diplocaulus †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago

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SLIDE 35

Lepospondyl: Diplocaulus †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago

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SLIDE 36 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia †

Gymnophiona

Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia

Caudata

Triadobatrachus †

Anura

(including Prosalirus †)

Devonian (420 MYA) Carboniferus (350 MYA) Permian (300 MYA) Triassic (250 MYA) Jurassic (200 MYA) Cretaceous (150-65 MYA)

Gondwana + Laurussia Pangea Pangea Pangea begins to break Pangea breaks resembles present day *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia

Present Day

Time Period Millions of Years Ago Plate Tectonics

A m p h i b i a n R e i g n

Evolution of Amphibians

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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SLIDE 37

Temnospondyl: Cacops †

Carboniferous period, about 320 million years ago

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SLIDE 38
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Temnospondyl: Prionosuchus †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago

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SLIDE 40

Temnospondyl: Eryops †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago

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Temnospondyl: Eryops †

Permian period, about 300 million years ago

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SLIDE 42

Temnospondyl: Gerobatrachus †

Permian period, about 290 million years ago

The ‘Frogamander’

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Temnospondyl: Koolasuchus †

Cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago

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Temnospondyl: Koolasuchus †

Cretaceous period, about 120 million years ago

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Tune in next time for

The Lissamphibia

mark@amphibianfoundation.org | 678 379 8623

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SLIDE 46

What the deuce is that thing?

Most weeks, we will end with live representatives from the week’s lesson Sometimes, you will get some background first, and other times, you will be asked to identify what I brought in this time

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Today on:

What the deuce is that thing?

is

You tell me!