The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623) Centrolenidae: Cochranella euknemos
2.2 : Caecilian Taxonomy & Biodiversity Caeciliidae: Caecilia sp.
Apoda no feet
CLassification of Order: Gymnophiona Scolecomorphidae Rhinatrematidae Typhlonectidae Ichthyophiidae Dermophiidae Siphonopidae Indotyphiidae Eocaecilia † Herpelidae Caeciliidae Chikilidae Tetrapodomorpha † *Gerobatrachus † Gymnophiona Gymnophiona Gymnophiona (Reptiles, Mammals) Actinopterygian Triadobatrachus † (stem-tetrapods) Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) (Ray-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Caudata Eocaecilia † Eocaecilia † Eocaecilia † Karaurus † Amniota Lungfish Gymnophiona Anura (including Apoda Apoda Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Apoda Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Temnospondyls † Tetrapods Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) Lissamphibia T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org
Eocaecilia micropodia † CLassification of Order: Gymnophiona Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Apoda Scolecomorphidae Gymnophiona Chikilidae Herpelidae Caeciliidae (Bony Fishes) Osteichthyes Typhlonectidae T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s Actinopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Indotyphiidae Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapods Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Dermophiidae Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Siphonopidae *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Apoda Apoda Apoda Eocaecilia † Eocaecilia † Eocaecilia † *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Batrachia Urodela G G G y y y m m m n n n o o o p p p h h h i i i o o o n n n a a a Karaurus † to Batrachia Salientia C a u d a t a Triadobatrachus † Prosalirus †) (including Anura
Eocaecilia micropodia † CLassification of Order: Gymnophiona Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Apoda Scolecomorphidae Gymnophiona Chikilidae Herpelidae Caeciliidae (Bony Fishes) Osteichthyes Typhlonectidae T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s Actinopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Indotyphiidae Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapods Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Dermophiidae Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Siphonopidae *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Apoda Apoda Apoda Eocaecilia † Eocaecilia † Eocaecilia † *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Batrachia Urodela G G G y y y m m m n n n o o o p p p h h h i i i o o o n n n a a a Karaurus † to Batrachia Salientia C a u d a t a Triadobatrachus † Prosalirus †) (including Anura
Gymnophiona naked snake
Order : Gymnophiona (10 Families, 207 sp.) Family : Rhinatrematidae (11 sp.) Family : Ichthyophiidae (57 sp.) Family : Scolecomorphidae (6 sp.) Family : Chikilidae (4 sp.) Family : Herpelidae (10 sp.) Family : Caeciliidae (42 sp.) Family : Typhlonectidae (14 sp.) Family : Indotyphlidae (23 sp.) Family : Dermophiidae (14 sp.) Family : Siphonopidae (26 sp.)
Family : Rhinatrematidae. Nussbaum, 1977 (11 sp.) Neotropical tailed caecilians , American tailed caecilians or beaked caecilians , are found in the equatorial countries of South America Genera: Epicrionops Boulenger, 1883 (8 sp.) Rhinatrema Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (3 sp.) The most primitive and sister taxon to all other caecilians Numerous characteristics lacking They still possess tails Have no sub-terminal mouth They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil The larvae have external gills until they metamorphose Lack second set of jaw adductor muscles present in all other families
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Rhinatrematidae Epicrionops sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Rhinatrematidae Epicrionops sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Rhinatrematidae Epicrionops sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Rhinatrematidae Rhinatrema bivittatum
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Rhinatrematidae Rhinatrema bivittatum
Family : Ichthyophiidae. Taylor, 1968 (57 sp.) Asiatic tailed caecilians or fish caecilians found in South and Southeast Asia as well as southernmost China Genera: Ichthyophis Fitzinger, 1826 (50 sp.) Uraeotyphlus Peters, 1880 (7 sp.) They are primitive caecilians, lacking many of the derived characters found in the other families Numerous characteristics lacking They still possess tails They have no sub-terminal mouth They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil. The larvae have external gills until they metamorphose.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlus interruptus
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlus narayani
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlus oxyurus
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Ichthyophiidae Ichthyophis kohtaoensis
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Ichthyophiidae Ichthyophis bombayensis
Family : Scolecomorphidae. Taylor, 1969 (6 sp.) The Scolecomorphidae are the family of tropical caecilians or African caecilians . They are found in Cameroon in West Africa, and Malawi and Tanzania in East Africa Genera: Crotaphatrema Nussbaum, 1985 (3 sp.) Scolecomorphus Boulenger, 1883 (3 sp.) Scolecomorphid synapomorphies Scolecomorphids have only vestigial eyes, which are attached to the base of a pair of tentacles underneath the snout. Unlike other caecilians, they have only primary annuli; these are grooves running incompletely around the body, giving the animal a segmented appearance. All other caecilians have a complex pattern of grooves, with secondary or tertiary annuli present. Also uniquely amongst tetrapods, the scolecomorphids lack a stapes bone in the middle ear.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Scolecomorphidae Scolecomorphus vittatus
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Scolecomorphidae Larva Adult Scolecomorphus kirkii
Family : Chikilidae. Kamei, San Mauro, Gower, Van Bocxlaer, Sherratt, Thomas, Babu, Bossuyt, Wilkinson, and Biju, 2012 (4 sp.) The Chikilidae are the family of Indian Caecilians Genera: Chikila Kamei, San Mauro, Gower, Van Bocxlaer, Sherratt, Thomas, Babu, Bossuyt, Wilkinson, and Biju, 2012 (4 sp.) Chikilid synapomorphies They have very limited eyesight and skulls adapted for burrowing. Their eggs hatch into adult caecilians, with no larval stage in between. The mothers stay wrapped around their developing eggs for two to three months, apparently not eating at all during this period.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Chikilidae Chikila sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Chikilidae Chikila sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Chikilidae Chikila sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Chikilidae Chikila fulleri
Family : Herpelidae. Laurent, 1984 (10 sp.) The Herpelidae are the family of African Caecilians Genera: Boulengerula Tornier, 1896 (8 sp.) Herpele Peters, 1880 (2 sp.) Herpelid synapomorphies Herpelids are distinguished by the following combination of characters: perforate stapes, multiple small antotic foramina, and no separate septomaxillae or separate prefrontals. .
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Herpelidae Boulengerula niedeni
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Herpelidae Boulengerula niedeni
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Herpelidae Boulengerula niedeni
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Herpelidae Boulengerula fischeri
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Herpelidae Boulengerula taitanus
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Herpelidae Herpele squalostoma
Family : Caeciliidae. Rafinesque, 1814 (42 sp.) The Caeciliidae are the family of Common Caecilians. They are found in Central and South America , equatorial Africa and India Genera: Caecilia Linnaeus, 1758 (33 sp.) Oscaecilia Taylor, 1968 (9 sp.) Caecilia guntheri Caeciliid synapomorphies Although they are the most diverse of the caecilian families, the caeciliids do have a number of features in common that distinguish them from other caecilians. In particular, their skulls have relatively few bones, with those that are present being fused to form a solid ram to aid in burrowing through the soil. The mouth is recessed beneath the snout, and there is no tail. Many caeciliids lay their eggs in moist soil. The eggs then hatch into aquatic larvae. However, some species lack a larval stage, with the eggs hatching into juveniles with the same form as the adults, or else lack eggs and give birth to live young. .
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia attenuata
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia nigricans
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia sp.
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia tentaculata
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Caecilia tentaculata
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Oscaecilia ochrocephala
Order : Gymnophiona | Family : Caeciliidae Oscaecilia ochrocephala
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