[PPT] - The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica PowerPoint Presentation

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The Biology of Amphibians

Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica

Executive Director

The Amphibian Foundation

mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623)

Centrolenidae: Cochranella euknemos

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Caeciliidae: Caecilia sp.

2.2: Caecilian Taxonomy & Biodiversity

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Apoda no feet

SLIDE 4 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † Gymnophiona Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia Caudata Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Eocaecilia † Gymnophiona Apoda Eocaecilia † Gymnophiona Apoda

Eocaecilia † Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Scolecomorphidae Chikilidae Herpelidae Caeciliidae Typhlonectidae Indotyphiidae Dermophiidae Siphonopidae

Gymnophiona

CLassification of Order: Gymnophiona

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Apoda Lissamphibia

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Eocaecilia micropodia †

Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † G y m n

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a Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia C a u d a t a Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Eocaecilia † G y m n

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a Apoda Eocaecilia † G y m n

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a Apoda Eocaecilia † Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Scolecomorphidae Chikilidae Herpelidae Caeciliidae Typhlonectidae Indotyphiidae Dermophiidae Siphonopidae Gymnophiona

CLassification of Order: Gymnophiona

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Apoda Lissamphibia

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Eocaecilia micropodia †

Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † G y m n

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a Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia C a u d a t a Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Eocaecilia † G y m n

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a Apoda Eocaecilia † G y m n

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a Apoda Eocaecilia † Rhinatrematidae Ichthyophiidae Scolecomorphidae Chikilidae Herpelidae Caeciliidae Typhlonectidae Indotyphiidae Dermophiidae Siphonopidae Gymnophiona

CLassification of Order: Gymnophiona

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Apoda Lissamphibia

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Gymnophiona naked snake

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Order: Gymnophiona (10 Families, 207 sp.) Family: Rhinatrematidae (11 sp.) Family: Ichthyophiidae (57 sp.) Family: Scolecomorphidae (6 sp.) Family: Chikilidae (4 sp.) Family: Herpelidae (10 sp.) Family: Caeciliidae (42 sp.) Family: Typhlonectidae (14 sp.) Family: Indotyphlidae (23 sp.) Family: Dermophiidae (14 sp.) Family: Siphonopidae (26 sp.)

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Family: Rhinatrematidae. Nussbaum, 1977 (11 sp.)

Neotropical tailed caecilians, American tailed caecilians or beaked caecilians, are found in the equatorial countries of South America

Genera: Epicrionops Boulenger, 1883 (8 sp.) Rhinatrema Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (3 sp.)

The most primitive and sister taxon to all other caecilians Numerous characteristics lacking They still possess tails Have no sub-terminal mouth They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil The larvae have external gills until they metamorphose Lack second set of jaw adductor muscles present in all other families

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Rhinatrematidae Epicrionops sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Rhinatrematidae Epicrionops sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Rhinatrematidae Epicrionops sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Rhinatrematidae Rhinatrema bivittatum

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Rhinatrematidae Rhinatrema bivittatum

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Family: Ichthyophiidae. Taylor, 1968 (57 sp.)

Asiatic tailed caecilians or fish caecilians found in South and Southeast Asia as well as southernmost China

Genera: Ichthyophis Fitzinger, 1826 (50 sp.) Uraeotyphlus Peters, 1880 (7 sp.)

They are primitive caecilians, lacking many of the derived characters found in the other families Numerous characteristics lacking They still possess tails They have no sub-terminal mouth They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil. The larvae have external gills until they metamorphose.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlus interruptus

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlus narayani

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Ichthyophiidae Uraeotyphlus oxyurus

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Ichthyophiidae Ichthyophis kohtaoensis

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Ichthyophiidae Ichthyophis bombayensis

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Family: Scolecomorphidae. Taylor, 1969 (6 sp.)

The Scolecomorphidae are the family of tropical caecilians or African caecilians. They are found in Cameroon in West Africa, and Malawi and Tanzania in East Africa

Genera: Crotaphatrema Nussbaum, 1985 (3 sp.) Scolecomorphus Boulenger, 1883 (3 sp.)

Scolecomorphid synapomorphies Scolecomorphids have only vestigial eyes, which are attached to the base of a pair of tentacles underneath the snout. Unlike other caecilians, they have only primary annuli; these are grooves running incompletely around the body, giving the animal a segmented appearance. All other caecilians have a complex pattern of grooves, with secondary or tertiary annuli present. Also uniquely amongst tetrapods, the scolecomorphids lack a stapes bone in the middle ear.

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Scolecomorphus vittatus Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Scolecomorphidae

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Scolecomorphus kirkii Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Scolecomorphidae Larva Adult

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Family: Chikilidae. Kamei, San Mauro, Gower, Van Bocxlaer, Sherratt, Thomas, Babu, Bossuyt, Wilkinson, and Biju, 2012 (4 sp.)

The Chikilidae are the family of Indian Caecilians

Genera: Chikila Kamei, San Mauro, Gower, Van Bocxlaer, Sherratt, Thomas, Babu, Bossuyt, Wilkinson, and Biju, 2012 (4 sp.)

Chikilid synapomorphies They have very limited eyesight and skulls adapted for burrowing. Their eggs hatch into adult caecilians, with no larval stage in between. The mothers stay wrapped around their developing eggs for two to three months, apparently not eating at all during this period.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Chikilidae Chikila sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Chikilidae Chikila sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Chikilidae Chikila sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Chikilidae Chikila fulleri

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Family: Herpelidae. Laurent, 1984 (10 sp.)

The Herpelidae are the family of African Caecilians

Genera: Boulengerula Tornier, 1896 (8 sp.) Herpele Peters, 1880 (2 sp.)

Herpelid synapomorphies Herpelids are distinguished by the following combination of characters: perforate stapes, multiple small antotic foramina, and no separate septomaxillae or separate prefrontals. .

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Herpelidae Boulengerula niedeni

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Herpelidae Boulengerula niedeni

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Herpelidae Boulengerula niedeni

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Herpelidae Boulengerula fischeri

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Herpelidae Boulengerula taitanus

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Herpelidae Herpele squalostoma

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Family: Caeciliidae. Rafinesque, 1814 (42 sp.)

The Caeciliidae are the family of Common Caecilians. They are found in Central and South America, equatorial Africa and India

Genera: Caecilia Linnaeus, 1758 (33 sp.) Oscaecilia Taylor, 1968 (9 sp.)

Caeciliid synapomorphies

Although they are the most diverse of the caecilian families, the caeciliids do have a number of features in common that distinguish them from other caecilians. In particular, their skulls have relatively few bones, with those that are present being fused to form a solid ram to aid in burrowing through the soil. The mouth is recessed beneath the snout, and there is no tail. Many caeciliids lay their eggs in moist soil. The eggs then hatch into aquatic larvae. However, some species lack a larval stage, with the eggs hatching into juveniles with the same form as the adults, or else lack eggs and give birth to live young.

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Caecilia guntheri

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia attenuata

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia nigricans

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia tentaculata

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Caecilia tentaculata

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Oscaecilia ochrocephala

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Oscaecilia ochrocephala

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Caeciliidae Oscaecilia osae

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Family: Typhlonectidae. Taylor, 1968 (14 sp.)

The Typhlonectidae are the family of Aquatic Caecilians and Rubber Eels. They are found east of the Andes in South America

Genera: Atretochoana Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1995 (1 sp.) Chthonerpeton Peters, 1880 (9 sp.) Nectocaecilia Taylor, 1968 (1 sp.) Potamotyphlus Taylor, 1968 (1 sp.) Typhlonectes Peters, 1880 (2 sp.)

Typhlonectid synapomorphies

They are viviparous animals, giving birth to young that possess external gills. Of the five genera in the family, Atretochoana, Potomotyphlus and Typhlonectes are entirely aquatic, while Chthonerpeton and Nectocaecilia are semiaquatic.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Chthonerpeton indistinctum

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Chthonerpeton indistinctum

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Typhlonectes natans

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Typhlonectes natans

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Typhlonectes natans

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Typhlonectes compressicauda

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Typhlonectes compressicauda

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Typhlonectes sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Atretochoana eiselti

Atretochoana eiselti is the largest tetrapod to lack lungs, double the size of the next largest

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Atretochoana eiselti

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Atretochoana eiselti The media has referred to me as the ‘penis snake’ and the ‘manaconda’

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Typhlonectidae Atretochoana eiselti

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Family: Indotyphlidae. Lescure, Renous, and Gasc, 1986 (23 sp.)

The Indotyphlidae are the family of Common Caecilians found in Africa, Seychelles and India.

Genera: Gegeneophis Peters, 1880 (12 sp.) Grandisonia Taylor, 1968 (3 sp.) Hypogeophis Peters, 1880 (3 sp.) Idiocranium Parker, 1936 (1 sp.) Indotyphlus Taylor, 1960 (2 sp.) Praslinia Boulenger, 1909 (1 sp.) Sylvacaecilia Wake, 1987 (1 sp.)

Indotyphlid synapomorphies

They are closely related but genetically different to Caeciliadae.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Indotyphlidae Geneophis pareshi

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Indotyphlidae Geneophis orientalis

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Indotyphlidae Hypogeophis sp.

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Family: Dermophiidae. Taylor, 1969 (14 sp.)

The Dermophiidae are the family of Common Caecilians found in Africa, Central America, and South America.

Genera: Dermophis Peters, 1880 (7 sp.) Geotrypetes Peters, 1880 (3 sp.) Gymnopis Peters, 1874 (2 sp.) Schistometopum Parker, 1941 (2 sp.)

Dermophiid synapomorphies

Dermophiids are distinguished by the following combination of characters: secondary annuli and annular scales.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Dermophis mexicanus

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Dermophis mexicanus

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Dermophis parviceps

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Dermophis sp.

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Geotrypetes seraphini

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Geotrypetes seraphini

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Schistometopum thomense

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Dermophiidae Schistometopum thomense

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Family: Siphonopidae. Bonaparte, 1850 (26 sp.)

The Siphonopidae are the family of Common Caecilians found in Central and South America.

Genera: Brasilotyphlus Taylor, 1968 (2 sp.) Luetkenotyphlus Taylor, 1968 (1 sp.) Microcaecilia Taylor, 1968 (16 sp.) Mimosiphonops Taylor, 1968 (2 sp.) Siphonops Wagler, 1828 (5 sp.)

Siphonopid synapomorphies

Siphonopid are distinguished by the following combination of characters: oviparity and lack of secondary row of mandibular teeth. .

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Siphonopidae Microcaecilia dematophaga

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Order: Gymnophiona | Family: Siphonopidae Microcaecilia dematophaga Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do

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