The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623) Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma tigrinum 3.2 : Salamander Taxonomy & Biodiversity

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The Biology of Amphibians

Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica

Executive Director

The Amphibian Foundation

mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623)

Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma tigrinum

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Salamandridae: Salamandra salamandra bernardezi

3.2: Salamander Taxonomy & Biodiversity

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Urodela conspicuous tail

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SLIDE 4 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † Gymnophiona Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia Caudata Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Caudata

Karaurus † Cryptobranchidae Hynobiidae Sirenidae Ambystomatidae Salamandridae Proteidae Ryacotritonidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae

Caudata

CLassification of Order: Caudata

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

Urodela Batrachia

1 2 1 2 Suborders

Cryptobranchoidea Salamandroidea

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Karaurus sp. †

Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † Gymnophiona Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia Caudata Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Caudata Karaurus † Cryptobranchidae Hynobiidae Sirenidae Ambystomatidae Salamandridae Proteidae Ryacotritonidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae Caudata

CLassification of Order: Caudata

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Urodela Batrachia
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Caudata tailed

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Order: Caudata (9 Families, 717 sp.) Family: Cryptobranchidae (3 sp.) Family: Hynobiidae (67 sp.) Family: Sirenidae (4 sp.) Family: Ambystomatidae (37 sp.) Family: Salamandridae (120 sp.) Family: Proteidae (8 sp.) Family: Rhyacotritonidae (4 sp.) Family: Amphiumidae (3 sp.) Family: Plethodontidae (471 sp.) Cryptobranchoidea Salamandroidea

90% of All Salamanders

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Cryptobranchidae (3 sp.)

Giant Salamanders and Hellbender are found in the eastern United States, China and Japan.

Genera (2): Andrias Tschudi, 1837 (2 sp.) Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (1 sp.)

They are the largest living amphibians known today. Synapomorphies Cryptobranchids are specialized suction feeders; due to the presence of flexible symphyseal cartilage at the front of the lower jaw (where both bones meet), they are able to suction feed with the left or right side of their mouth. Males are territorial and make small nests under rocks where eggs are deposited and externally fertilized. Some morphological characters for the group are: 1) ribs unicapitate; 2) operculum fused to the ear capsule (also present in Sirenidae); 3) lacrimals absent; 4) prootic and exoccipitals separate; 5) fleshy skin folds; 6) large size; 7) spiracle remains open in adults.

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Family: Cryptobranchidae. Fitzinger, 1826

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias japonicus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias davidianus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Andrias davidianus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Cryptobranchidae Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

GA Native

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Family: Hynobiidae. Cope, 1859

Asiatic salamanders found all over Asia, half are unique to Japan

Genera (10):

Afghanodon Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012 (1 sp.) Batrachuperus Boulenger, 1878 (5 sp.) Hynobius Tschudi, 1838 (37 sp.) Iranodon Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012 (2 sp.) Liua Zhao and Hu, 1983 (2 sp.) Pachyhynobius Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983 (1 sp.) Pseudohynobius Fei and Yang, 1983 (6 sp.) Ranodon Kessler, 1866 (1 sp.) Salamandrella Dybowski, 1870 (2 sp.) Onychodactylus Tschudi, 1838 (10 sp.)

Synapomorphies

External fertilization, or spawning and males focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding. The female lays two egg sacs at a time. Parental care is common.Can have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. Larvae can sometimes have reduced external gills if they live in cold and very oxygen-rich water.

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Family: Hynobiidae. Cope, 1859

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Batrachuperus karlschmidti

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Batrachuperus tibetanus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius yiwuensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius retardatus Cannibal Morph

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius kimurae

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Hynobius nebulosus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Iranodon gorganensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae Ranodon sibiricus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae

Salamandrella keyserlingii

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Order: Caudata | Family: Hynobiidae

Onychodactylus kinneburi

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  • Sirenidae. Gray, 1825

The Sirens are a family of aquatic salamanders from the southeastern US and northern Mexico.

Genera (2): Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 (2 sp.) Siren Österdam, 1766 (2 sp.) Synapomorphies

  • Aquatic. Sirenids have very small fore limbs, and lack hind limbs altogether.

In contrast to most other salamanders, they have external gills bunched together on the neck in both larval and paedomorphic adult states. Although they are primarily carnivorous, they are the only salamanders observed eating plant material, and have a keratinized beak.

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  • Sirenidae. Gray, 1825
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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Siren lacertina

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Siren lacertina

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Siren lacertina

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Siren intermedia

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Siren intermedia

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Pseudobranchus striatus

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Sirenidae

Pseudobranchus striatus

GA Native

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  • Ambystomatidae. Gray, 1850 (37 sp.)

The Mole Salamanders are a family of aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial salamanders from North America.

Genera (2): Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838 (33 sp.) Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 (4 sp.) Synapomorphies Terrestrial mole salamanders are identified by having wide, protruding eyes, prominent costal grooves, and thick arms. Some are facultatively paedomorphic, others are obligates. The majority of ambystomatids metamorphose into terrestrial adults. This is Mark’s favorite group of salamanders.

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  • Ambystomatidae. Gray, 1850 (37 sp.)
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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma dumerilii

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma mexicanum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma annulatum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma annulatum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma maculatum

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma cingulatum

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma cingulatum

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma gracile

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma rosaceum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma tigrinum

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma texanum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma taylori

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma macrodactylum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma jeffersonianum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma laterale

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma laterale Ambystoma jeffersonianum

Hybridize for form a unisexual, clonal, sperm parasite = Kleptogen

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma mabeei

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma malvortium

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma malvortium

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma granulosum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma talpoideum

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma barbouri

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Ambystoma rivulare

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Dicamptodon sp.

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Dicamptodon ensatus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Dicamptodon ensatus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Dicamptodon aterrimus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Ambystomatidae

Dicamptodon tenebrosus

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  • Salamandridae. Goldfuss, 1820 (120 sp.)

The salamandrids are the family of true salamanders and newts. They are restricted to the northern hemisphere: North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa.

Genera (22):

Calotriton Gray, 1858 (2 sp.) | Cynops Tschudi, 1838 (10 sp.) Echinotriton Nussbaum and Brodie, 1982 (3 sp.) | Euproctus Gené, 1838 (2 sp.) Ichthyosaura Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 (1 sp.) | Laotriton Dubois, 2009 (1 sp.) Liangshantriton Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012 (1 sp.) | Lissotriton Bell, 1839 (11 sp.) Neurergus Cope, 1862 (4 sp.) | Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 (3 sp.) Ommatotriton Gray, 1850 (3 sp.) | Pachytriton Boulenger, 1878 (9 sp.) Paramesotriton Chang, 1935 (14 sp.) | Pleurodeles Michahelles, 1830 (3 sp.) Taricha Gray, 1850 (4 sp.) | Triturus Rafinesque, 1815 (9 sp.) Tylototriton Anderson, 1871 (22 sp.) | Chioglossa Bocage, 1864 (1 sp.) Lyciasalamandra Veith and Steinfartz, 2004 (7 sp.) | Mertensiella Wolterstorff, 1925 (1 sp.) Salamandra Garsault, 1764 (7 sp.) | Salamandrina Fitzinger, 1826 (2 sp.)

Synapomorphies Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin. Some salamandrids posses aggregated poison glands behind their heads called parotoid glands, but many of them are toxic, posses aposematic coloration or defensive postures.

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  • Salamandridae. Goldfuss, 1820 (120 sp.)
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V E N O M O U S V S P O I S O N O U S

M A N Y S P E C I E S O F A M P H I B I A N S A R E P O I S O N O U S . I N S A L A M A N D E R S , T H I S I S E S P E C I A L LY T R U E W I T H T H E N E W T S , O R S A L A M A N D R I D S . T E C H N I C A L LY, S N A K E S A R E N O T P O I S O N O U S T H E Y A R E V E N O M O U S T H E Y I N J E C T T H E I R T O X I N I N T O T H E P R E Y A G O O D WAY T O R E M E M B E R T H E D I F F E R E N C E I S : I F Y O U B I T E I T A N D Y O U D I E , T H E N T H AT I S P O I S O N I F I T B I T E S Y O U A N D Y O U D I E , T H AT ’ S V E N O M

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Salamandrina perspicillata

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Calotriton arnoldi

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Cynops orientalis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Cynops orientalis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Cynops cyanurus chuxiongensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Echinotriton andersoni

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Echinotriton andersoni

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Laotriton laoensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Euproctus platycephalus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Neurergus strauchii

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Neurergus strauchii

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Neurergus kaiseri

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Ichthyosaura alpestris

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Lissotriton vulgaris

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Ommatotriton vittatus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Pachytriton sp.

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Pachytriton labiatus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Paramesotriton hongkongensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Lyciasalamandra helverseni

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Lyciasalamandra atifi

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Triturus marmoratus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Triturus marmoratus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Triturus cristitatus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Pleurodeles waltl

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Pleurodeles waltl

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy: new insights on the function of the bizarre antipredator mechanism in the salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl

  • E. Heiss1, N. Natchev1, D. Salaberger2, M. Gumpenberger3, A. Rabanser4 & J. Weisgram1

1 Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2 Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Wels, Wels, Austria 3 Clinic of Radiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria 4 Department of Statistics and Decision Support Systems, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Keywords antipredator behaviour; urodeles; salamander; rib. Correspondence Egon Heiss, Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna,

  • Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna,

Austria. Email: egon.heiss@univie.ac.at

Abstract

The Spanish ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl shows a bizzare defensive mechanism against predators. X-ray analysis before and after a simulated threat shows that this newt rotates its ribs anteriorly. The maximum measured angle to which the ribs moved was 651. This forward movement causes the sharply pointed rib tips to lacerate the body wall and project freely from the sides of the trunk as spines. Light microscopy shows the microanatomy, and computed tomography shows the 3D morphology of these unusual weapons. They are ‘spear-shaped’ and hollow proximally, massive distally and are connected to the corresponding vertebra by a

Journal of Zoology

Journal of Zoology. Print ISSN 0952-8369

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Tylototriton shanjing

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Tylototriton shanjing

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Tylototriton verrucosus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Tylototriton kweichowensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Taricha tarosa

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Taricha tarosa

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Taricha rivularis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Notophthalmus viridescens

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Notophthalmus viridescens

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Notophthalmus viridescens

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Notophthalmus perstriatus

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Salamandra atra pasubiensis

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Salamandra salamandra

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Salamandra salamandra

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Salamandra seminovi

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Order: Caudata | Family: Salamandridae

Salamandra salamandra bernardezi

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  • Proteidae. Bonaparte, 1831

Aquatic salamanders found in the Balkan Peninsula and North America. The mudpuppies from southern central Canada, through the midwestern United States, east to North Carolina and south to Georgia and Mississippi. The range of the olm, the only extant member of the genus Proteus, is limited to the Western Balkans.

Genera (2): Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 (7 sp.) Proteus Laurenti, 1768 (1 sp.) Synapomorphies

  • Neotenic. Absence of eyelids and a lack of maxilary bones in the upper jaw.

They show a degree of parental care, tending to the eggs after attaching them to submerged stones and logs. Proteid salamanders range in size from 28 centimetres (11 in) to 40 centimetres (16 in) in length.

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  • Proteidae. Bonaparte, 1831
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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus maculosus

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus maculosus

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus maculosus

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus alabamensis

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus beyeri

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus beyeri

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Necturus punctatus

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Proteus anguinus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Proteus anguinus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Proteus anguinus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Proteidae

Proteus anguinus

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  • Rhyacotritonidae. Tihen, 1958 (4 sp.)

Torrent salamanders found in extreme western North America.

Genera (1): Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 (4 sp.) Synapomorphies Small (<80 mm) semi aquatic salamanders with aquatic larvae. They may represent remnants of an early radiation of salamanders. Members are small and stocky bodied, with large eyes and a semi-aquatic lifestyle and vestigial

  • lungs. Fertilization is internal, and large, unpigmented eggs are laid beneath

rocks or in crevices of cold clear water. There are 4 species in this genus. Some morphological characters for this family are: 1) squared glands posterior to vent; 2) bright yellow/yellow-green venter.

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  • Rhyacotritonidae. Tihen, 1958 (4 sp.)
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Order: Caudata | Family: Rhyacotritonidae

Rhyacotriton cascadae

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Order: Caudata | Family: Rhyacotritonidae

Rhyacotriton cascadae

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Order: Caudata | Family: Rhyacotritonidae

Rhyacotriton olympicus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Rhyacotritonidae

Rhyacotriton variegatus

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  • Amphiumidae. Gray, 1825

Amphiuma is a genus of aquatic salamanders found in south eastern North America.

Genera (1): Amphiuma Garden, 1821 Synapomorphies

Amphiumas are large, aquatic, eel-like salamanders (up to 1 m), with 4 very reduced limbs. Females guard their eggs, which are laid on land but hatch as aquatic larvae. Tail is laterally compressed and makes up one third of the total body

  • length. These are paedomorphic salamanders, retaining the larval features of no

eyelids or tongue, open spiracle, a lateral line system, and four internal gill arches. They have been known to live up to 27 years. Some morphological characters for this group are: 1) premaxillae fused; 2) pterygoid reduced; 3) limbs and toes reduced (3, 2, or 1 toe per foot species-specific character).

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  • Amphiumidae. Gray, 1825
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Order: Caudata | Family: Amphiumidae

Amphiuma means

GA Native

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Order: Caudata | Family: Amphiumidae

Amphiuma tridactylum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Amphiumidae

Amphiuma tridactylum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Amphiumidae

Amphiuma tridactylum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Amphiumidae

Amphiuma tridactylum

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Order: Caudata | Family: Amphiumidae

Amphiuma pholeter

GA Native

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  • Plethodontidae. Gray, 1850 (471 sp.)

The Lungless Salamanders occur in extreme southern Alaska and Nova Scotia (Canada) south to eastern Brazil and central Bolivia; southern Europe; Korea.

Genera (29):

Aquiloeurycea Rovito, Parra-Olea, Recuero, and Wake, 2015 (6 sp.) |Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1839 (21 sp.) Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854 (132 sp.) |Bradytriton Wake and Elias, 1983 (1 sp.) Chiropterotriton Taylor, 1944 (16 sp.) | Cryptotriton García-París and Wake, 2000 (7 sp.) Dendrotriton Wake and Elias, 1983 (8 sp.) |Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 (33 sp.) Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 (4 sp.) | Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838 (1 sp.) Isthmura Dubois and Raffaelli, 2012 (7 sp.) | Ixalotriton Wake and Johnson, 1989 (2 sp.) Nototriton Wake and Elias, 1983 (20 sp.) | Nyctanolis Elias and Wake, 1983 (1 sp.) Oedipina Keferstein, 1868 (38 sp.) | Parvimolge Taylor, 1944 (1 sp.) Pseudoeurycea Taylor, 1944 (39 sp.) | Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838 (3 sp.) Stereochilus Cope, 1869 (1 sp.) | Thorius Cope, 1869 (29 sp.)
 Aneides Baird, 1851 (8 sp.) | Desmognathus Baird, 1850 (24 sp.) Ensatina Gray, 1850 (1 sp.) | Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 (3 sp.) Karsenia Min, Yang, Bonett, Vieites, Brandon, and Wake, 2005 (1 sp.) Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 (1 sp.) | Plethodon Tschudi, 1838 (54 sp.) Speleomantes Dubois, 1984 (8 sp.) | Urspelerpes Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz, & Wake, 2009 (1 sp.)

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  • Plethodontidae. Gray, 1850 (471 sp.)

The Lungless Salamanders occur in extreme southern Alaska and Nova Scotia (Canada) south to eastern Brazil and central Bolivia; southern Europe; Korea.

Synapomorphies

The largest family of extant salamanders with over 400 species. All members of this assemblage

lack lungs and possess naso-labial grooves which aid in chemoreception. This group was thought to have arisen out of the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, which remains a biodiversity hotspot for this family. Members within this group have adapted to stream, arboreal, terrestrial, fossorial and cave habitats. Most species are direct developers. With only a handful of exceptions, this family is found in the New World and extends from southern Canada down through Bolivia and Brazil. The exceptions to the New World include six species in the Middle Western Mediterranean in Europe (members of the genus Hydromantes, which also occurs in California) and a single species known from Asia (Karsenia). It includes the only group of tropical salamanders which account for about 2/3 of the species and 40% of all salamanders. Generalized in body form with four fingers and five toes (except when reduced to four toes in miniaturized species). Some morphological characters for this group are: 1) pterygoid absent; 2) nasolabial groove present; 3) lacrimals absent; 4) otic and occipital elements fused; 5) elongate, up to 60 vertebrae

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  • Plethodontidae. Gray, 1850 (471 sp.)
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Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

Aquiloeurycea scandens

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Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

Aquiloeurycea cephalica

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Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

Batrachoseps attenuatus

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Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

Bradytriton silus

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Bolitoglossa mulleri

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Bolitoglossa mulleri

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Bolitoglossa dunni

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Bolitoglossa dunni

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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S A L A M A N D E R F E E D I N G

E V E N S L O W E D D O W N W I T H A H I G H S P E E D V I D E O C A M E R A , T H E B O L I T O G L O S S A’ S T O N G U E S A R E FA S T

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S A L A M A N D E R F E E D I N G

W I T H A R E G U L A R C A M E R A , A L L Y O U C A N S E E A R E F L A S H E S A N D B U G S D I S A P P E A R I N G

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Eurycea lucifuga

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Eurycea guttolineata

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Eurycea spelaea

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Eurycea subfluvicola

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Eurycea rathbuni

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Eurycea rathbuni

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Isthmura belli

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Isthmura belli

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Nototriton sp.

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Hemidactylium scutatum

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Gyrinophilus porphyriticus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Gyrinophilus palleucus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Nyctanolis pernix

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Oedipina taylori

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Oedipina pacificensis

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Aneides aeneus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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G R E E N S A L A M A N D E R S A R E E X C E L L E N T C L I M B E R S

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Pseudotriton ruber

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Pseudoeurycea galeanae

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Desmognathus monticola

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Desmognathus conanti

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Ensatina eschscholtzii

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Hydromantes platycephalus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Hydromantes platycephalus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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S A L A M A N D E R F E E D I N G

N O T O N LY D O S A L A M A N D E R S P O S S E S T H E FA S T E S T T O N G U E K N O W N T O S C I E N C E , B U T T H E Y H AV E T H E L O N G E S T P R O P O R T I O N A L T O N G U E S K N O W N T O S C I E N C E . Y E S , I N C L U D I N G C H A M A E L E O N S . H I G H S P E E D V I D E O O F H Y D R O M A N T E S F E E D I N G

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Phaeognathus hubrichti

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Phaeognathus hubrichti

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Plethodon shermani

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

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Plethodon serratus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Plethodon glutinosus

Order: Caudata | Family: Plethodontidae

GA Native

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Tune in next time for

Anura

mark@amphibianfoundation.org | 678 379 8623

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