[PPT] - The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica PowerPoint Presentation

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The Biology of Amphibians

Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica

Executive Director

The Amphibian Foundation

mark@amphibianfoundation.org 678 379 TOAD (8623)

Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis annae

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Hylidae: Dendropsophus ebraccatus

3.1-2: Frog Biology, Taxonomy & Biodiversity

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Salientia jumping beasts

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Beezlebufo sp. †

SLIDE 5 Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † G y m n

p

h i

n

a Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia C a u d a t a Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Anura (including Prosalirus †) Anura (including Prosalirus †) Anura Triadobatrachus † Ascaphidae Leiopelmatidae Bombinatoridae Alytidae (Discoglossidae) Pipidae Rhynophrynidae Scaphiopopidae Pelodytidae Megophryidae Pelobatidae Heleophrynidae Nasikabatrachidae Sooglossidae Calyptocephalellidae Myobatrachidae Alsodidae Batrachylidae Bufonidae Ceratophryidae Cycloramphidae Hemiphractidae Hylodidae Leptodactylidae Odontophrynidae Rhinodermatidae Telmatobiidae Allophrynidae Centrolenidae Hylidae Dendrobatidae Brachycephalidae Ceuthomantidae Craugastoridae Eleutherodactylidae Strabomantidae Arthroleptidae Hyperoliidae Breviceptidae Hemisotidae Microhylidae Ceratobatrachidae Conrauidae Micrixalidae Nyctibatrachidae Petropedetidae Phrynobatrachidae Ptychadenidae Ranidae Ranixalidae Dicroglossidae Pyxicephalidae Rhacophoridae Mantellidae Salientia A B 1 2 3 Sub Orders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia Super Families Hyloidea Ranoidea 1 2 3 A B Caudata

CLassification of Order: Anura

T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s

amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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Triadobatrachus sp. †

Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Actinopterygian (Ray-fin Fishes) Sarcopterygian (Lobe-fin Fishes) Coelacanth, Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha † (stem-tetrapods) Tetrapods Lepospondyls † Temnospondyls † Amniota (Reptiles, Mammals) *Gerobatrachus † (’frogomander’) Lissamphibia Eocaecilia † Gymnophiona Apoda Batrachia Urodela Karaurus † Salientia Caudata Triadobatrachus † Anura (including Prosalirus †) *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon to Batrachia Anura (including Prosalirus †) Anura (including Prosalirus †) Anura Triadobatrachus † Ascaphidae Leiopelmatidae Bombinatoridae Alytidae (Discoglossidae) Pipidae Rhynophrynidae Scaphiopopidae Pelodytidae Megophryidae Pelobatidae Heleophrynidae Nasikabatrachidae Sooglossidae Calyptocephalellidae Myobatrachidae Alsodidae Batrachylidae Bufonidae Ceratophryidae Cycloramphidae Hemiphractidae Hylodidae Leptodactylidae Odontophrynidae Rhinodermatidae Telmatobiidae Allophrynidae Centrolenidae Hylidae Dendrobatidae Brachycephalidae Ceuthomantidae Craugastoridae Eleutherodactylidae Strabomantidae Arthroleptidae Hyperoliidae Breviceptidae Hemisotidae Microhylidae Ceratobatrachidae Conrauidae Micrixalidae Nyctibatrachidae Petropedetidae Phrynobatrachidae Ptychadenidae Ranidae Ranixalidae Dicroglossidae Pyxicephalidae Rhacophoridae Mantellidae Salientia A B 1 2 3 Sub Orders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia Super Families Hyloidea Ranoidea 1 2 3 A B Caudata CLassification of Order: Anura T h e B i o l o g y o f A m p h i b i a n s amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org

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Triadobatrachus sp. † Lithobates sp.

Large number of presacral vertebrae (14) Vertebrae extend through sacrum into caudal (tail) region Reduction in number of pre-sacral vertebrae (7-9) Vertebrae are fused post- sacrum into the urostyle Elongation of ilium and ischium to allow saltation

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Skull Scapula Pre-sacral Vertebrae (7) Sacrum Urostyle Calcaneum Astragalus Femur Metatarsals Phalanges Tibiofibula Ischium Ilium Radioulna Metacarpals Phalanges

skeletal anatomy

Humerus Atlas fused to Post-cranial II (or

not, pleisiomorphy)

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skeletal anatomy skeletal anatomy

Pre-maxilla Maxilla Nasal Front-parietal Quadratojugal Exoccipital Occipital condyles Pterygoid

Skull characters: fenestrate, huge orbits, not a lot of bone.

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Anura no tail

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Order: Gymnophiona (10 Families, 207 sp.)

Family: Rhinatrematidae (11 sp.) Family: Ichthyophiidae (57 sp.) Family: Scolecomorphidae (6 sp.) Family: Chikilidae (4 sp.) Family: Herpelidae (10 sp.) Family: Caeciliidae (42 sp.) Family: Typhlonectidae (14 sp.) Family: Indotyphlidae (23 sp.) Family: Dermophiidae (14 sp.) Family: Siphonopidae (26 sp.)

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Order: Caudata (9 Families, 717 sp.)

Family: Cryptobranchidae (3 sp.) Family: Hynobiidae (67 sp.) Family: Sirenidae (4 sp.) Family: Ambystomatidae (37 sp.) Family: Salamandridae (120 sp.) Family: Proteidae (8 sp.) Family: Rhyacotritonidae (4 sp.) Family: Amphiumidae (3 sp.) Family: Plethodontidae (471 sp.)

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Order: Anura (52 Families, 6901 sp.)

Allophrynidae Savage, 1973 (3 sp.) Alsodidae Mivart, 1869 (26 sp.) Alytidae Fitzinger, 1843 (12 sp.) Arthroleptidae Mivart, 1869 (149 sp.) Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (2 sp.) Batrachylidae Gallardo, 1965 (14 sp.) Bombinatoridae Gray, 1825 (8 sp.) Brachycephaloidea Günther, 1858 (1102 sp.) Brevicipitidae Bonaparte, 1850 (35 sp.) Bufonidae Gray, 1825 (604 sp.) Calyptocephalellidae Reig, 1960 (5 sp.) Centrolenidae Taylor, 1951 (155 sp.) Ceratobatrachidae Boulenger, 1884 (97 sp.) Ceratophryidae Tschudi, 1838 (12 sp.) Conrauidae Dubois, 1992 (6 sp.) Cycloramphidae Bonaparte, 1850 (36 sp.) Dendrobatoidea Cope, 1865 (314 sp.) Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871 (203 sp.) Heleophrynidae Noble, 1931 (7 sp.) Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862 (109 sp.) Hemisotidae Cope, 1867 (9 sp.) Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815 (710 sp.) Hylodidae Günther, 1858 (47 sp.) Hyperoliidae Laurent, 1943 (227 sp.) Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.) Leptodactylidae Werner, 1896 (1838) (204 sp.) Mantellidae Laurent, 1946 (217 sp.) Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 (214 sp.) Micrixalidae Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001 (24 sp.) Microhylidae Günther, 1858 (1843) (648 sp.) Myobatrachoidea Schlegel, 1850 (132 sp.) Nasikabatrachidae Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.) Nyctibatrachidae Blommers-Schlösser, 1993 (37 sp.) Odontobatrachidae Barej, et al, 2014 (5 sp.) Odontophrynidae Lynch, 1969 (53 sp.) Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850 (4 sp.) Pelodryadidae Günther, 1858 (210 sp.) Pelodytidae Bonaparte, 1850 (5 sp.) Petropedetidae Noble, 1931 (12 sp.) Phrynobatrachidae Laurent, 1941 (91 sp.) Phyllomedusidae Günther, 1858 (63 sp.) Pipidae Gray, 1825 (41 sp.) Ptychadenidae Dubois, 1987 (59 sp.) Pyxicephalidae Bonaparte, 1850 (84 sp.) Ranidae Batsch, 1796 (389 sp.) Ranixalidae Dubois, 1987 (17 sp.) Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932 (1858) (416 sp.) Rhinodermatidae Bonaparte, 1850 (3 sp.) Rhinophrynidae Günther, 1859 (1 sp.) Scaphiopodidae Cope, 1865 (7 sp.) Sooglossidae Noble, 1931 (4 sp.) Telmatobiidae Fitzinger, 1843 (63 sp.)

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Hylidae: Dendropsophus microcephalus

The first vertebrates to

vocalize

n land

Frogs

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Hylidae: Hyla cinerea

Males communicate to females (and other males) through a series

f auditory sounds.

The most prominent of which is the advertisement call.

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Anatomy of a Frog Call

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Anaxyrus fowleri | F O W L E R ’ S T O A D

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Frogs

f the World

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Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (2 sp.)

Tailed Frogs are found in the northwestern United States.

Genera (1): Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 (2 sp.)

They are considered the most primitive of the modern frogs (Anura). Synapomorphies The most striking feature of this group is the external copulatory organ (an everted extension of the cloaca), used during internal fertilization, which takes place under water in fast flowing streams. Tadpoles have large sucker-like mouths (gastromyzophory) to aid in clasping to rocks while they feed. Tadpoles may take up to 7 years to metamorphose, although 4 is average. They are small, brown or gray, have reduced lungs, and vertical pupils. Males do not vocalize. Morphological features for this group are: 1) 9 presacral vertebrae; 2) sternum cartilaginous, omosternum present; 3) urostyle with

ne condyle; 4) free ribs present on 3rd, 4th, and 5th vertebrae; 5) pectoral girdle arciferal; 6)

clavicle overlies scapula; 7) maxilla and premaxillae contain teeth; 10) sartorious not a separate muscle; 11) aquatic larvae (Type III); 12) pupil vertically elliptical; 13) internal fertilization.

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Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (2 sp.)

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Ascaphidae: Ascaphus truei

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Ascaphidae: Ascaphus truei

Triadobatrachus sp. † Lithobates sp.

(14) (9) (8)

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Ascaphidae: Ascaphus montanus

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Leiopelmatidae. Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.)

Bell Frogs are found in New Zealand.

Genera (1): Leiopelma Fitzinger, 1861

Synapomorphies Adults guard their clutches of direct-developing eggs. Young of L. hamiltoni and L. archeyi climb

nto the backs of parents to complete their development. Leiopelmatids are nocturnal and catch their

prey by lunging at it, as they do not have protrusible tongues (unlike most frogs). They also use alternating kicks when swimming (unlike most frogs). This family does not vocalize, but frogs are known to squeak when molested. These frogs possess: 1) inscriptional ribs (cartilage embedded within abdominal muscle); 2) nine presacral vertebrae (as in Ascaphidae); 3) retention of caudalipuboischiotibialis ("tail-wagging") muscles (as in Ascaphidae). Ascaphus and Leiopelma share many primitive characters, and there are apparently no derived characters that unite them as closest

relatives. However, DNA sequences consistently place Ascaphidae and Leiopelmatidae as closest

relatives.

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Leiopelmatidae. Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.)

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Leiopelmatidae: Leiopelma archeyi

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Leiopelmatidae: Leiopelma archeyi

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Bombinatoridae. Gray, 1825 (8 sp.)

Fire-belly Toads are found in Eurasia, Phillipines and Borneo.

Genera (2): Barbourula Taylor and Noble, 1924 (2 sp.) Bombina Oken, 1816 (6 sp.)

Synapomorphies Species of Bombina are active during the day and have aposematic coloration

ventrally. Bombina arch their bodies backward in an "unken reflex" when threatened, exposing their

bright ventral colors and thus advertising their toxic skin secretions. (This defensive reflex is also found in some salamanders.) Barboroula species are not as colorful, are very secretive and active at

night. These are small aquatic toads that lay eggs and vocalize during inhalation (unique among

extant anurans). Morphological characters for this group are: 1) halves of sphenethmoid fused, 2) 8 presacral vertebrae; 3) epipubic muscle absent; 4) pupil triangular or vertically elliptical; 5) expanded flange of quadratojugal; 6) presence of endochondral ossifications in the hyoid plate.

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Bombinatoridae. Gray, 1825 (8 sp.)

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Bombinatoridae: Barbourula busuangensis

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Bombinatoridae: Barbourula kalimantanensis

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Bombinatoridae: Bombina orientalis

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Bombinatoridae: Bombina variegata

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Bombinatoridae: The Unken Reflex

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Pipidae. Gray, 1825 (41 sp.)

The Tongue-less Frogs are found in South America and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Genera (4): Hymenochirus Boulenger, 1896 (4 sp.) Pipa Laurenti, 1768 (7 sp.) Pseudhymenochirus Chabanaud, 1920 (1 sp.) Xenopus Wagler, 1827 (29 sp.)

Synapomorphies These frogs lack a tongue, have dorsoventrally flattened bodies, fully webbed hind feet, small dorsally placed eyes, and retain a lateral line system. Tadpoles resemble small catfish due to their paired anterior barbells (absent in Hymenochirus whose tadpoles are carnivorous). Males in this family lack vocal cords but are able to communicate underwater via "clicking" sounds generated through a modified laryngeal apparatus. Characters for the Pipidae are: 1) epipubis present; 2) unpaired epipubic muscle; 3) quadratojugal absent; 4) free ribs in larvae; 5) sacrococcygeal articulation fused; 6) short, stocky sacrum; 7) elongate septomaxillae; 8) lateral line system present in adults; 9) tongues absent; 10) non-pedicellate teeth in Xenopus and some Pipa (other Pipa are edentate, i.e., with very few or no teeth)

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Pipidae. Gray, 1825 (41 sp.)

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Pipidae: Pipa pipa

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Pipidae: Pipa pipa

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Pipidae: Pipa pipa

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Pipidae: Pipa pipa

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Pipidae: Pipa pipa

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Pipidae: Pipa pipa

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Pipidae: Xenopus leavis

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Pipidae: Xenopus leavis Pipidae: Xenopus tropicalis

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Pipidae: Hymenochirus curtipes

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Rhinophrynidae. Günther, 1859 (1 sp.)

The Mexican Burrowing Toads are found in Costa Rica north into Mexico and Texas.

Genera (1): Rhinophrynus Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (1 sp.)

Synapomorphies The only living representative of this family is Rhinophrynus dorsalis. It is known as the Burrowing Toad due to its burrowing lifestyle, for which it is physically specialized by having a pointed snout for digging into the ground face first, short and strong arms and legs, and a pectoral girdle that overlaps the back of the head. The pointed snout, globular body, and small eyes give it a teardrop

appearance. These frogs are specialized for eating ants, and do so with a specialized ant-eater like

tongue that is protruded through a narrow opening at the front of the mouth, unlike most frogs which

pen their mouths and project a tongue. They also lack teeth. Because they are burrowers, they

spend most of their lives underground and only come to the surface to mate during the rainy season. Considered to be a close relative of the Pipidae due to the tadpole stage of both groups lacking beaks and denticles and possessing paired spiracles (Type I tadpole).

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Rhinophrynidae. Günther, 1859 (1 sp.)

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Rhinophrynidae: Rhinophrynus dorsalis

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Rhinophrynidae: Rhinophrynus dorsalis

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Rhinophrynidae: Rhinophrynus dorsalis

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Rhinophrynidae: Rhinophrynus dorsalis

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Scaphiopodidae. Cope, 1865 (7 sp.)

The Spadefoot Toads are found in southern Canada south through the US into Mexico.

Genera (2): Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 (3 sp.) Spea Cope, 1866 (4 sp.)

Synapomorphies This group was formerly part of the family Pelobatidae. Scaphiopodids plus Pelobatids are collectively known as the Spadefoot Toads, owing to a keratinized digging spade present on each hindfoot. These toads are desert dwellers, spending considerable time underground each year until the rains

arrive. At that point they rapidly move to the surface and breed explosively in temporary pools.

Tadpole development is extraordinarily rapid in this group.

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Scaphiopodidae. Cope, 1865 (7 sp.)

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Scaphiopodidae: Scaphiopus holbrookii

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Scaphiopodidae: Scaphiopus holbrookii

GA Native

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Scaphiopodidae: Scaphiopus couchii

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Megophryidae. Bonaparte, 1850 (214 sp.)

The Leaf Litter Frogs are found in southeast Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and Philippines.

Genera (5): Leptobrachella Smith, 1925 (63 sp.) Leptobrachium Tschudi, 1838 (35 sp.) Megophrys Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822 (76 sp.) Oreolalax Myers and Leviton, 1962 (18 sp.) Scutiger Theobald, 1868 (22 sp.)

Synapomorphies The Megophryidae are cryptic frogs, with an overall trend of morphologically mimicking dead leaves

n the forest floor. These are the largest, most ecologically and morphologically diverse group of non-

neobatrachian frogs. These frogs are nocturnal and are poor jumpers, instead preferring to walk

around. Morphological characters for this family are: 1) ceratohyals absent in adults; 2) intervertebral

cartilages with ossified centers; 3) paddle-shaped tongue; 4) pectoral girdle arciferal with long bony sternum; 5) sacral diapophyses expanded antero-posteriorly; 6) palatines absent, with a palatal process of maxilla instead present in this area.

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Megophryidae. Bonaparte, 1850 (214 sp.)

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Megophryidae: Megophrys nasuta

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Megophryidae: Megophrys nasuta

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Megophryidae: Megophrys major

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Megophryidae: Megophrys aceras

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Megophryidae: Megophrys kobayashii

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Megophryidae: Leptobrachium abbotti

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Megophryidae: Leptobrachium boringii

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Megophryidae: Leptobrachium nigrops

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Megophryidae: Leptobrachella itiokai

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Megophryidae: Leptobrachella sp.

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Megophryidae: Oreolalax sterlingae

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Megophryidae: Oreolalax major

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Nasikabatrachidae. Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.)

The Purple Frog or Pignose Frog are known exclusively from southern India.

Genera (1): Nasikabatrachus Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.)

Synapomorphies A relatively recently discovered frog family, restricted to India, that is most closely related to the Sooglossidae of the Seychelles Islands. The single known species is specialized for a burrowing lifestyle.

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Nasikabatrachidae. Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.)

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Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sp.

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Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sp.

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Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sp.

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Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis

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Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus bhupathi

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Nasikabatrachidae: Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis

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Bufonidae. Gray, 1825 (604 sp.)

The True Toads have a worldwide distribution (except Australia and Antarctica).

Genera (51):

Adenomus Cope, 1861 (2 sp.) | Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (2 sp.) Amazophrynella Fouquet,et al, 2012 (7 sp.) | Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 (23 sp.) Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (33 sp.) | Atelopus Duméril, et al 1841 (96 sp.) Barbarophryne Beukema, et al 2013 (1 sp.)| Blythophryne Chandramouli, et al 2016 (1 sp.) Bufo Garsault, 1764 (17 sp.) | Bufoides Pillai and Yazdani, 1973 (2 sp.) Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 (16 sp.) | Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 (5 sp.) Churamiti Channing, et al 2002 (1 sp.) | Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (10 sp.) Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 (1 sp.) | Duttaphrynus Frost, et al 2006 (27 sp.) Epidalea Cope, 1864 (1 sp.) | Frostius Cannatella, 1986 (2 sp.) Ghatophryne Biju, et al 1863 (39 sp.) | Ingerophrynus Frost, et al 2006 (12 sp.) Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 (1 sp.) | Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (2 sp.) Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (29 sp.) | Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 (14 sp.) Metaphryniscus Señaris, et al 1994 (1 sp.) | Nannophryne Günther, 1870 (4 sp.) Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters, 1875 (2 sp.) | Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 (13 sp.) Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (1 sp.) | Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 (9 sp.) Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza, et al 1976 (11 sp.) | Parapelophryne Fei, et al 2003 (1 sp.) Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (1 sp.) | Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 (12 sp.) Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (12 sp.) | Phrynoidis Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842 (2 sp.) Poyntonophrynus Frost, et al 2006 (10 sp.) | Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 (1 sp.) Rentapia Chan, et al 2016 (2 sp.) | Rhaebo Cope, 1862 (13 sp.) Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 (93 sp.) | Sabahphrynus Matsui, et al 2007 (1 sp.) Schismaderma Smith, 1849 (1 sp.) | Sclerophrys Tschudi, 1838 (45 sp.) Sigalegalephrynus Smart, et al 2017 (2 sp.) | Strauchbufo Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012 (1 sp.) Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995 (2 sp.) | Vandijkophrynus Frost, et al 2006 (5 sp.) Werneria Poche, 1903 (6 sp.) | Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 (3 sp.) Xanthophryne Biju, et al 2009 (2 sp.)

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Bufonidae. Gray, 1825 (604 sp.)

Synapomorphies Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads. True toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when

stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects. Bufotoxin is

a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of

substances. Some, like the Cane Toad Rhinella marina, are more toxic than others. Some

"psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River Toad, Incilius alvarius, have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.

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Bufonidae. Gray, 1825 (604 sp.)

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Bufonidae: Bufo bufo

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Bufonidae: Bufo bufo

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Bufonidae: Incilius aurarius

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Bufonidae: Incilius alvarius

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Bufonidae: Incilius coniferus

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Bufonidae: Incilius coniferus

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Bufonidae: Incilius periglenes

Extinct

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Bufonidae: Anaxyrus americanus

GA Native

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Bufonidae: Anaxyrus fowleri

GA Native

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Bufonidae: Atelopus varius

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Bufonidae: Atelopus certus

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Bufonidae: Atelopus spumarius

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Bufonidae: Atelopus nepiozomus

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Bufonidae: Atelopus zeteki

Extinct in the Wild

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Bufonidae: Ghatophryne ornata

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Bufonidae: Ghatophryne rubigina

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Bufonidae: Nectophrynoides viviparus

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Bufonidae: Nectophrynoides asperginis

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Bufonidae: Nectophrynoides asperginis

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Bufonidae: Ansonia latidisca

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Bufonidae: Pedostibes hosei

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Bufonidae: Pedostibes hosei

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Bufonidae: Rhinella marina

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Bufonidae: Rhaebo guttatus

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Bufonidae: Rhaebo haematiticus

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Ceratophryidae. Tschudi, 1838 (12 sp.)

The Horned Frogs are known exclusively from South America.

Genera (3): Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied, 1824 (8 sp.) Chacophrys Reig and Limeses, 1963 (1 sp.) Lepidobatrachus Budgett, 1899 (3 sp.)

Synapomorphies Relatively large head for ambushing large prey such as lizards, frogs, birds and rodents. Teeth on the upper jaw, and odontoid processes on the lower jaw. Only 12 species, but have the personality of a 1,000 species family.

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Ceratophryidae. Tschudi, 1838 (12 sp.)

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys cranwelli

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys cranwelli

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys aurita

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys cornuta

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys cornuta

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys cornuta

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys ornata

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys ornata

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys stolzmanni

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Ceratophryidae: Ceratophrys stolzmanni

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Ceratophryidae: Chacophrys pierotti

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Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus asper

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Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus leavis

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Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus leavis

keratin spade

dontoid

processes

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Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus leavis

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Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus laevis

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Hemiphractidae. Peters, 1862 (109 sp.)

The Horned Tree Frogs are known from Central and South America.

Genera (6): Cryptobatrachus Ruthven, 1916 (6 sp.) ‘backpack frogs’ Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (2 sp.)  Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (6 sp.) Gastrotheca Fitzinger, 1843 (70 sp.) ‘marsupial frogs’ Hemiphractus Wagler, 1828 (6 sp.) ‘horned tree frogs’ Stefania Rivero, 1968 (19 sp.) ‘carrying frogs’

Synapomorphies An unusual and unique adaptation in this family is the breeding behavior where the eggs are carried

n the female's back; the eggs may develop into froglets on the back of the female without free-

swimming tadpole stage, be released after hatching as tadpoles, or be deposited in water to complete their development there. In some species (genus Gastrotheca and some Flectonotus), this goes as far as to enclose the eggs in a pouch until they hatch. Males in amplexus have been observed to play an active role in placing the eggs on the back or in the pouch of the female. In some species, froglets may stay on the female's back after hatching.

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Hemiphractidae: Cryptobatrachus sp.

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Hemiphractidae: Flectonotus pygmaeus

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Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca guentheri

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Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca guentheri

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Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca guentheri

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Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca marsupiata

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