TECHNOLOGY TRANSITION: NUMBERING Henning Schulzrinne FCC 7/16/14 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TECHNOLOGY TRANSITION: NUMBERING

Henning Schulzrinne FCC

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Overview

• Technology transition overview
• The role of telephone numbers
• The future of telephone numbers

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Technology Transitions

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TDM voice VoIP

(incl. VoLTE)

TDM circuits & analog IP packets

copper twisted-pair fiber coax wireless copper twisted-pair

(and combinations)

application transport network physical layer

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The universe of IP transitions

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cable video satellite video PSTN

911 numbers 7/16/14

The three transitions

From to motivation issues

Copper  fiber capacity maintenance cost competition

(“unbundled network elements”)

Wired  wireless mobility cost in rural areas capacity quality Circuits  packets (IP) flexibility cost per bit line power

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VoIP, VoLTE

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Dividing the problem space

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Tech transition intra network universal reach power reliability consumer protection inter network interconnection 911 numbering

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Interstate switched access minutes

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Lines are disappearing, but maintenance costs are constant

$2.72 per-line monthly maintenance cost $17.57 voice revenue/line: $50 dis voice only (DSL: 20 M) 20 40 60 80 100 Residential Business

JSI Capital Advisors projection

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Switches are ageing

1979

Nortel DMS-100

http://www.phworld.org/switch/ntess.htm

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Engines for tech transition

• Consumer-induced
• Landline  cellular
• uneven by geography, income, ethnicity
• but decreasing rate
• why do household keep or abandon landlines?
• ILEC DSL  cable company for broadband
• With bundled VoIP products
• International calls  Skype, FaceTime, WhatsApp, …
• PBX & Centrex  SIP trunking
• Carrier-induced
• VoLTE for 4G cellular
• central office upgrades (including analog access + VoIP backend)
• conversion from copper to fiber or fixed wireless (but not all fiber is

VoIP…)

• Much more consumer than business

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Landline to cellular transition

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NUMBERS: DISAPPEARANCE OF THE OLD CONSTRAINTS

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Property URL

• wned

URL provider E.164 Service- specific

Example alice@smith.name sip:alice@smith.nam e alice@gmail.com sip:alice@ilec.co m +1 202 555 1010 www.facebook.co m/alice.example Protocol- independent

no no yes yes

Multimedia

yes yes maybe (VRS) maybe

Portable

yes no somewhat no

Groups

yes yes bridge number not generally

Trademark issues

yes unlikely unlikely possible

Privacy

Depends on name chosen (pseudonym) Depends on naming scheme mostly Depends on provider “real name” policy

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Communication identifiers

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It’s just a number

Number Type Problem 201 555 1212 E.164 same-geographic different dial plans (1/no 1, area code or not) text may or may not work #250, #77, *677 voice short code mobile only, but not all no SMS 12345 SMS short code SMS only unclear where (country?) it works 211, 311, 411, 911 N11 codes Distinct call routing mechanism Mostly voice-only May not work for VoIP or VRS 800, 855, 866, 877, 888 toll free not toll free for cell phone may not work internationally 900 premium voice only unpredictable cost

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Telephone numbers

• Why are they important?
• Universal public communication identifier  reachability
• Scarce resource  area code splits, number exhaust
• Allow for provider competition  number porting
• What are the facets of numbers?
• addressing
• translation (identifier  communication endpoint)
• administration: assignment, recovery (pooling

administrator)

• security  prevent caller ID spoofing

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Numbers vs. DNS & IP addresses

Phone # DNS IP address

Role identifier + locator identifier locator (+ identifier) Country- specific mostly

• ptional

no

# of devices / name

1 (except Google Voice) any 1 (interface) # names /device 1 for mobile any any controlled by carrier, but portability unclear (800#) and geo. limited

any entity, with trademark restrictions

any entity (ISP,

• rganization)

who can

• btain?

geographically-constrained, currently carrier only varies (e.g., .edu & .mil, vs. .de) enterprise, carrier porting

complex, often manual; wireless-to-wireline may not work

about one hour (DNS cache) if entity has been assigned PIAs delegation companies (number range) anybody subnets identity information carrier (OCN), billing name

• nly  LERG, LIDB

WHOIS data (unverified) RPKI, whois

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Number usage

FCC 12-46

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0xx, 1xx (prefix), 200 N11, 8 Easily recognizable (NDD), 47 N9X (expansion), 80 37X & 96X, 20 555 & 950, 2 880-887, 889, 9 In service (geographic), 345 Awaiting introduction, 31 Available, 258

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Area codes (NPAs)

634

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Phone numbers for machines?

212 555 1212 < 2010 500 123 4567 533, 544 now: one 5XX code a year… (8M numbers)

see Tom McGarry, Neustar

500 123 4567 (and geographic numbers) 10 billion available

5 mio. 64 mio.

12% of adults

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• Should telephone numbers be treated

as names?

• similar to Internet domain names?
• “multi-homing”: one number, multiple

services

• call forwarding
• audio, video & text
• separate numbers from service provision?
• Should numbers have a geographic

component?

• Is this part of a region’s cultural identity?
• Should 10-digit dialing be universal?
• What about legacy concepts like rate

centers and LATAs?

Future of numbers

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Some numbers are valuable

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• Easily available on (SIP)

trunks – can be legitimate

• Used for vishing, robocalling,

swatting, anonymity breaking, …

• Caller ID Act of 2009: Prohibit any

person or entity from transmitting misleading or inaccurate caller ID information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully

• btain anything of value.
• Also: phantom traffic rules

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Caller ID spoofing

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Robocalling

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“pink carriers”

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Three parts of phone number identity

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Phone number (CNG)

• nuisance call backs
• vishing

Textual caller ID

• impersonation
• Citibank & Citybank

Properties

• registered charity
• political candidate
• gov’t agency
• bank

initial effort

Caller validation requirements

• Multiple legitimate users of number  multiple

private-public key pairs

• Carrier, (large) customer, agent of customer (call center)
• Avoid interruptions if (say) agent changes
• Incremental deployment with at least proportional

value

• protect high-value targets first
• Work with existing number management systems
• may have separate interfaces
• but not too strongly tied – may evolve slowly
• Avoid single high-value key store targets
• don’t want to revoke all +1 numbers
• Avoid religious arguments about DNS vs. HTTP

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numbering authority carrier with OCN reseller telecom customer agent 7/16/14

Caller-ID validation architecture

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cert or public key

signs number after normalization

validate validate validate

local carrier

LD carrier

IETF STIR working group

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Future of number administration

• Is there a continued need to

separate

• NXX assignment (NANPA)
• 1000-block assignment (pooling

administrator)

• number portability (NPAC)
• In VoIP, just need to map

number to SIP URL(s)

• What are the interfaces we

need for allocation?

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Reachability (SIP URL) Assignment (“whois”) History

Assignment model 1: tree

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registry

# assignee

registrar 7/16/14

Assignment model 2: mesh + tree

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registry registry registry registry

registrar

# assignee

assumed to be cooperative example: TV whitespace DB, LoST (NG911)

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Conclusion

• Convergence: all services are IP, just with different physical

layers

• but transitions are slow
• PSTN transition
• some natural, some “induced”
• intra and inter-network issues
• Numbers as crucial element of transition
• universal, global identifier
• scope-defining
• But we can make telephone numbers work better
• better porting  facilitate consumer choice
• higher security  trustable networks
• lower overhead and complexity  higher reliability, lower barriers to

entry

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