t tr rr r - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

❨❛❧❆❆ ✲ ❨❡t ❆♥♦t❤❡r ▲✐❜r❛r② ❢♦r ❆✣♥❡ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❙t❡❢❛♥ ❑✐❡❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❉✉✐s❜✉r❣✲❊ss❡♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✹✱ ✷✵✶✶ ✶ ✴ ✷✺

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✷ ❨❛❧❆❆ ✸ ❆✣♥❡ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✹ ❊rr♦r ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❆✣♥❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❉❡❝♦r❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖✉t❧♦♦❦ ✷ ✴ ✷✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❆✣♥❡ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❢♦r ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝s ❬❈♦♠❜❛ ❛♥❞ ❙t♦❧✜✱ ✶✾✾✵❪ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ P❛rt✐❛❧❧② ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ q✉❛♥t✐t② ❛s t❤❡ ❛✣♥❡ ❢♦r♠ ˆ ① ˆ ① = ① ✵ + ① ✶ ǫ ✶ + ① ✷ ǫ ✷ + ... + ① ♥ ǫ ♥ ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ① ✵ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ① ✐ ✐ ≥ ✶ P❛rt✐❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ① ✐ ✭❡rr♦rs ♦r ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s✮ ǫ ✐ ✱ ✐ ≥ ✶ ✭❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝✮ ♥♦✐s❡ s②♠❜♦❧s ǫ ✐ ∈ [ − ✶ , ✶ ] ✸ ✴ ✷✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❆✣♥❡ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t✇♦ ❛✣♥❡ ❢♦r♠s ① = ① ✵ + ① ✶ ǫ ✶ + ... + ① ♥ ǫ ♥ ❛♥❞ ˆ ˆ ② = ② ✵ + ② ✶ ǫ ✶ + ... + ② ♥ ǫ ♥ ❆✣♥❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ˆ ① + ˆ ② = ( ① ✵ + ② ✵ ) + ( ① ✶ + ② ✶ ) ǫ ✶ + ... + ( ① ♥ + ② ♥ ) ǫ ♥ α ˆ ① = ( α ① ✵ ) + ( α ① ✶ ) ǫ ✶ + ... + ( α ① ♥ ) ǫ ♥ α + ˆ = ( ① ✵ + α ) + ① ✶ ǫ ✶ + ... + ① ♥ ǫ ♥ ① ◆♦♥ ❛✣♥❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❢ P✐❝❦ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❛✣♥❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢ ❛ t♦ ❢ ♦✈❡r ✐ts ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♥♦✐s❡ s②♠❜♦❧ ǫ ♥ + ✶ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❛❞❞ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛ ❡rr♦r t❡r♠ ① ♥ + ✶ ǫ ♥ + ✶ ❡♥❝❧♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r✳ ✹ ✴ ✷✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❆❋✶✱ ❆❋✷ ❬▼❡ss✐♥❡✱ ✷✵✵✷❪ ❘❡❞✉❝❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥♦✐s❡ s②♠❜♦❧s ◗❋❚✱ ✳✳✳ ❬▼❡ss✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❚♦✉❤❛♠✐✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬❇✐❧♦tt❛✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❙❤♦✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪ Pr❡s❡r✈❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♦r❞❡r ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s P♦st❡r✐♦r✐ ❡rr♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s ❬❏♦r❞❛♥ ◆✐♥✐♥✱ ✷✵✶✶❪ ❯s❡ ❈❖❙❨✲❧✐❦❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❡rr♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺ ✴ ✷✺

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❙t❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆rt ❚✇♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❧✐❜❛❛ ❬❙t♦❧✜❪ ❧✐❜❛✛❛ ❬●❛② ❡t ❛❧✳❪ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ◆♦t ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ✭❈✮ ❖❜❥❡❝t ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ✭❈✰✰✮ ▲✐♠✐t❡❞ s❡t ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ▼♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ◆♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ❖✉r ❣♦❛❧✿ ❆ ❧✐❜r❛r② s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛✣♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ✻ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ❨❛❧❆❆ ●♦❛❧ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❖❜❥❡❝t ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❈✰✰ ▼♦st ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ P✶✼✽✽ ❞r❛❢t ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛✣♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s P♦❧✐❝② ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❈✉st♦♠ ❜❛s❡ t②♣❡ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ■❆ ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s ❚r❛✐t ❝❧❛ss❡s ❇❛s✐❝ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❱❡r✐✜❡❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❙t♦❧✜ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✼ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ❇❛s✐❝ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❧❛ss ❆❢❢✐♥❡❋♦r♠ ✐s ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✷ t②♣❡s ❛♥❞ ✺ ♣♦❧✐❝❡s✳ ✽ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ❊rr♦r❚❡r♠ ❛♥❞ ❆✣♥❡❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❚❛s❦s ▼♦❞❡❧s ❡rr♦r t❡r♠s ① ✐ ǫ ✐ Pr♦✈✐❞❡s ♥❡✇ ♥♦✐s❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❉❡✜♥❡s ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦♥ s②♠❜♦❧s ❲❤② ♣♦❧✐❝②❄ ❚❤r❡❛❞ s❛❢❡✱ ♥♦t t❤r❡❛❞ s❛❢❡ ❈✉st♦♠ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ǫ ✐ ❚❛s❦s ▼♦❞❡❧s ① ✵ + ① ✶ ǫ ✶ + . . . ① ♥ ǫ ♥ ❲❤② P♦❧✐❝②❄ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r st♦r❛❣❡ ✾ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝❑❡r♥❡❧ ❚❛s❦s ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❈❛rr✐❡s ♦✉t t❤❡ ❛✣♥❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡t✉r♥s r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✴❛♣♣r♦①✳ ❡rr♦rs ❘❡t✉r♥s st❛t✉s ✢❛❣s ❲❤② ♣♦❧✐❝②❄ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ❜❛s❡ t②♣❡ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✶✵ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ❆✣♥❡P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ❚❛s❦s ❍❛♥❞❧❡s r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✴❛♣♣r♦①✳ ❡rr♦rs ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ♥❡✇ ❢♦r♠s ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❡①tr❛ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❲❤② ♣♦❧✐❝②❄ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❋✶✱ ❆❋✷ ❢♦r♠s ❚❛s❦s ❍❛♥❞❧❡s s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s → ±∞ , ∅ ❍❛♥❞❧❡s ❡rr♦rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❲❤② ♣♦❧✐❝②❄ ❆❧❧♦✇s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❡✳❣✳ ❙t♦❧✜✬s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ❞❡❝♦r❛t✐♦♥s ✳✳✳ ✶✶ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✶ ❈❛❧❧ ❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✷ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts → ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ✸ P❡r❢♦r♠ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ → ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝❑❡r♥❡❧ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥✴r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❡rr♦rs t♦ r❡s✉❧t → ❆❢❢✐♥❡P♦❧✐❝② ✺ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❢♦r ❡rr♦rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ → ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ✶✷ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✶ ❈❛❧❧ ❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✷ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts → ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ✸ P❡r❢♦r♠ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ → ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝❑❡r♥❡❧ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥✴r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❡rr♦rs t♦ r❡s✉❧t → ❆❢❢✐♥❡P♦❧✐❝② ✺ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❢♦r ❡rr♦rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ → ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ✶✷ ✴ ✷✺

❨❛❧❆❆ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✶ ❈❛❧❧ ❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✷ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts → ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ✸ P❡r❢♦r♠ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ → ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝❑❡r♥❡❧ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥✴r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❡rr♦rs t♦ r❡s✉❧t → ❆❢❢✐♥❡P♦❧✐❝② ✺ ❈❤❡❝❦ ❢♦r ❡rr♦rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ → ❊rr♦rP♦❧✐❝② ✶✷ ✴ ✷✺