CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY ZHUKOVSKY T S AGI RESEARCH CAPABILITIES TO ADDRESS AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ISSUE Sergey Chernyshev Executive Director TsAGI, Russia
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Contents AVIATION ENVIRONMENT ISSUES NOISE SONIC BOOM EMISSION ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 2
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Aviation Impact on Environment Health deterioration Stratosphere Hearing impairment Noise Ozone Disturbances of vocal NOx layer communication destruction Respiratory disorders Aircraft Environment Issues Toxic symptoms Emission Troposphere Discomfort CO 2 NOx Climate Orientation response of people H 2 O change Starting Sonic boom Solid particles Sleep disruption Greenhouse Ground layer Global warming gases Impact Noise Climate change emissions, near Emission contrails ground surface Airport Pollution environment 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 3
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY ICAO Requirements in Airport Proximity 650 m Spatial location of control points (CP) CLIMBING for acoustic certification of commercial airplanes 300 m CT1 (Turboprop) CT2 DESCENT 450 m RUNWAY ICAO proposals to toughen NO х emissions CT1 (Turbofan) 120 m during take-off and landing Controlled combustion products: CT3 – Carbon oxide ( С O) ICAO standards – Unburned hydrocarbons (CH) Δ EPN 0 120 – Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Airplanes NOx dB % relative to 1985 emissions –10 10 – Soot ( С ) noise emissions NOx emissions, g/kN 100 –20 20 Chapter 2 –30 30 80 –40 40 Chapter 3 ICAO targets –50 Chapter 4 50 60 –60 60 40 –70 70 –80 80 20 –90 90 –100 100 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 year π ∑ 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Pressure ratio ( H = 0, M = 0) 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 4
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Environment Target Goals for the Russian Aviation Dynamics of target goals Baseline Target goals (2010) 2015 2020 2025 2030 Accidents reduction 1 2.5 5.0 7.0 8.5 Noise reduction relatively to ICAO Chapter 4 (by EPN 7 12 20 25 30 dB) NO x emission reduction 100 relatively to ICAO 2008 20 45 65 80 (2008) standards (by %) Fuel consumption and СО 2 100 10 25 45 60 emission reduction (by %) 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 5
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Contents AVIATION ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES NOISE SONIC BOOM EMISSION ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 6
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Aircraft Noise Sources 1. Jet noise 2. Inlet and aft fan noise, turbine noise 3. Airframe noise The principal components determining the noise of a modern passenger aircraft are: fan and turbine noise, jet noise and airframe noise. All the above sources of aerodynamic noise turn out to be important at different flight stages. Only a balanced reduction of all the above sources can lead to the overall desired aircraft noise reduction. 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 7
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Acoustic Anechoic Chambers AK-2 AK-11 Anechoic chamber (AC), m 3 Maximum sound pressure level 160 dB 14.0×11.5×8.0 211 м 3 Free volume, m 3 Test section volume 12.2×9.7×6.3 9,6×5,5×4,0 м 3 Reverberation chamber 1 (RC1), m 3 6.4×6.4×5.15 Test section dimensions Reverberation chamber 2 (RC2), m 3 6.6×6.4×5.15 Operational frequency range 160 – 20000 Hz Stagnation temperature 293 K Operational frequency range, Hz 80 … 16000 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 8
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction Improved acoustic Fan noise Combustion chamber Jet noise control liners in the air inlet control noise control Lining of mixing chamber walls Turbine noise Air inlet channel Outer circuit channel walls control shape control fully treated with liners 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 9
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Fan Noise Reduction Methods Approach: • To remove or weaken shocks at the fan blades • Simultaneous optimization of aerodynamic and acoustic performance Expected noise reduction: • Fan tone intake noise 2 to 4 dB at take-off • Fan tone exhaust noise up to 2 dB Key Issues: • Fan aerodynamics performance • Fan blade stability and stall margin erosion • Manufacturing cost and complexity • Validation of CFD prediction methods 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 10
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Engine Noise Reduction by Advanced Acoustic Liners First generation liners (single-layer) Efficiency, dB 18 Metallic Composite Composite double- layer liners Conventional liners 15 12 Perforated skin Box-type filler Honeycomb filler Skin Perforated skin 9 Second generation liners (double-layer) Metallic Composite 6 Perforated skin 3 0 500 800 1250 2000 3150 5000 Frequency, Hz Perforated filler Metallic mesh Skin 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 11
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Fan Noise Reduction by Acoustic Liners Method Estimated noise reduction TRL Main problems Suction noise: 1…4 dB Improving liners manufacturing Seamless air inlet liners during approach 7…9 and repair technology (in service with А 380) Aerodynamics, trade-off Tapered air inlets Suction noise: ~ 3 dB 4…6 between cruise and climb Integration with anti-icing Lining of air inlet lip Suction noise: 1…3 dB 4…6 systems Lacking full-scale verification Lining of hub surface Acoustic power at outlet: 1…3 dB 3…4 data 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 12
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Low Noise Nozzle Configurations Variety of nozzle configurations are suggested for the experimental jet noise reduction Noise reduction of jet emanating from chevron nozzle Noise 5 dB Round nozzle Chevron nozzle 25 50 100 200 400 800 f , Hz 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 13
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Jet Noise Reduction Methods Expected noise Method TRL Open issues reduction 1…4 EPN dB during Nacelle-Pylon integration for best Fixed geometry chevrons 6…9 roll and climb aerodynamic performance 0.5…1.0 EPN dB Reliability, maintainability and Variable geometry chevrons 6 during roll and climb manufacturability Geared turbofan, m > 10 bypass Depending on Higher structural weight and drag; 6…7 ratio operation regime maintainability long fairing nacelles for m ≈ 4…6, Long channel with forced flow ~ 1…2 EPN dB 6…9 typically applied on regional and mixing during roll and climb business aircraft 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 14
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Noise Control by Plasma Actuators 65 [dB/20u Pa] w/o plasma actuators The concept is based on direct control of with plasma actuators 60 noise radiation by Dielectric Barier Discharge (DBD). Vlasov–Ginevsky effect. 55 50 45 500 1k 1.5k 2k 2.5k 3k 3.5k 4k 4.5k [Hz] Noise level improvement – 1.3 dB V = 100…180 m/s f = 6…12 kHz D ~ 5 cm 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 15
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Airframe Noise Reduction: Slats 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 16
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Airframe Noise Noise Reduction: Landing Gear microfone 1 65 Noise control concept is based on shaped chassis rack and self-tuning system for major mode noise suppression. P , dB 5 dB Patent of TsAGI No. 2293890 50 0 50 100 x , cm 150 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 17
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Landing Gear Noise Reduction Methods Expected Expected Overall noise Method TRL TRL = 6 TRL = 8 Main problems reduction efficiency time target time target Weight, heat Fairings and Up to 3 dB 6 emission, covers maintainability Low-noise Structural and Up to 5 dB 3…4 2013 2015 chassis rack systems integration 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 18
CENTRAL AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER PROFESSOR N.E. ZHUKOVSKY Future Aircraft: Low Noise and Low Fuel Consumption Blended wing concept Level 2012 10% Fuel consumption Noise Low noise embedded propulsion Future Low Noise Aircraft: − 30 EPNdB Blended wing concept Podded engines with variable nozzles Mixed exhaust with extensive acoustic liners Power managed take-off Distributed Fans 14.10.2012 JAXA Aeronautics Symposium in Nagoya 19
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