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❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✭❆✮ ❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❙❖❊✸✷✶✶✴✷ ❋❧✉✐❞ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝s ❧❡❝t✉r❡ ✶✵ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❇❧❛❞❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❇✮

❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ▼✉❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✇✐♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r ❢♦r ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✐t② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ④ ✭❆✮ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ♦♥❧② r❡❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣❡t❛t✐✈❡ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❯❑ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❤❛s s✐❣♥✐☞❝❛♥t ✇✐♥❞ ✬r❡s❡r✈❡s✬✳ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❧❛st ✷✵ ②❡❛rs ④ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❇❧❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✉str② ❤❛s ♦♣t❡❞ ❢♦r s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✿ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❆①✐s ❲✐♥❞ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❚✉r❜✐♥❡ ✭❍❆❲❚✮✳ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s ✿ ✎ ✷✲✸ ❛✐r❢♦✐❧ ❜❧❛❞❡s ✭❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✮ ✎ ❇❧❛❞❡s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❤✉❜ ✿ ❛①✐s ♦❢ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✎ ❍✉❜✴s❤❛❢t✴❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❣❡❛r ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ s✉♣♣♦rt t♦✇❡r

❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s Airfoil blades ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ Hub with gearbox, control systems, generator ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✭❆✮ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❇❧❛❞❡ Support tower ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❊♥❡r❣② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ④ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t✉♠ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛✐r✌♦✇ s♣❡❡❞ ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ❁ s♣❡❡❞ ✉♣str❡❛♠ ④ str❡❛♠❧✐♥❡s ❡①♣❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r♦t♦r ❞✐s❦✳ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ t❤✐s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐✳

❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✶ ✦ ✷ Edge of slipstream ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✭❆✮ ♣ ❛ ✰ ✶ ✶ ❂ ♣ ✷ ✰ ✶ ✷ ✚ ✉ ✷ ✷ ✚ ✉ ✷ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ✷ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ u1 u 4 ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ✸ ✦ ✹ ✭❇✮ 3 4 1 2 ❇❧❛❞❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♣ ✸ ✰ ✶ ✸ ❂ ♣ ❛ ✰ ✶ ✷ ✚ ✉ ✷ ✷ ✚ ✉ ✷ ✭❇✮ ✹ ❆ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ✉ ✷ ❂ ✉ ✸ ✱ s♦ ♣ ✷ � ♣ ✸ ❂ ✶ ✷ ✚ ✭ ✉ ✷ ✶ � ✉ ✷ ✷ ✮

❚❤r✉st ♦♥ t❤❡ t✉r❜✐♥❡ ❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❋ ❂ ✚ ◗ ✭ ✉ ✶ � ✉ ✹ ✮ ❂ ❆ ✭ ♣ ✷ � ♣ ✸ ✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ✇❡ ☞♥❞ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✉ ✷ ❂ ✉ ✸ ❂ ✶ ✭❆✮ ✷✭ ✉ ✶ ✰ ✉ ✹ ✮ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ t✉r❜✐♥❡ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❧♦ss ♦❢ ❦✳❡✳ ❢r♦♠ ❛✐rstr❡❛♠ ❇❧❛❞❡ ✑ ❂ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✉♥❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r t❤r♦✉❣❤ r♦t♦r ❞✐s❦ ❛r❡❛ ✭❇✮ ✶ ✷ ✚ ❆✉ ✷ ✭ ✉ ✷ ✶ � ✉ ✷ ✹ ✮ ❂ ✶ ✷ ✚ ❆✉ ✶ ✉ ✷ ✶ ❂ ✭ ✉ ✶ ✰ ✉ ✹ ✮✭ ✉ ✷ ✶ � ✉ ✷ ✹ ✮ ✷ ✉ ✸ ✶ ❂ ✶ ✷✭✶ ✰ ✉ r � ✉ ✷ r � ✉ ✸ r ✮ ✇✐t❤ ✉ r ❂ ✉ ✹ ❂ ✉ ✶

❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡✍❝✐❡♥❝② ④ ❧♦♦❦ ❢♦r t✉r♥✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞ ✑ ❂ ✶ ✭❆✮ ✷✭✶ � ✷ ✉ r � ✸ ✉ ✷ r ✮ ❂ ✵ ❞✉ r ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ✮ ✉ r ❂ ✶ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✭❆✮ ✸ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✑ ❂ ✶✻ ✭❇✮ ✷✼ ❂ ✺✾ ✿ ✸✪ ❇❧❛❞❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ④ t❤❡ ❇❡t③ ❧✐♠✐t ✭❇✮ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✿ ✎ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡♥❡r❣② ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ✉ ✹ ❂ ✵ ④ ♥♦ ✌♦✇ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✉r❜✐♥❡✱ ③❡r♦ ♣♦✇❡r ✎ ■❢ ✉ ✹ ❂ ✉ ✶ ✱ ✌♦✇ r❛t❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐s❡❞✱ ❜✉t ♥♦ ❡♥❡r❣② ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ✎ ❇❡t③ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ♦♣t✐♠✉♠ ❡♥❡r❣② ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥✳

❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✭❆✮ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❱❛r✐♦✉s ✭✌✉✐❞s✲r❡❧❛t❡❞✮ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❱✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ④ ❛✐r t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡✱ ✈♦rt❡① s❤❡❞❞✐♥❣✱ ✭❜❧❛❞❡ r♦t❛t✐♦♥✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s ✭❆✮ ❛❧❧ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ✈✐❜r❛t✐♦♥s ❛t s♣❡❝✐☞❝ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s✳ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ❢❛t✐❣✉❡✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✿ ❞❡s✐❣♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✐♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥ s♦ t❤❛t ✐ts r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ✻ ❂ ❛♥② ✭❇✮ ❧✐❦❡❧② ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s✳ ❇❧❛❞❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ◆♦✐s❡ ④ q✉✐t❡ ❛ s✐❣♥✐☞❝❛♥t ◆■▼❇❨ ✐ss✉❡✳ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✭❇✮ t✉r❜✐♥❡s t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♥♦✐s❡✱ ♠♦❞❡❧ s♦✉♥❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t✳ ❙②st❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ◆❡❡❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡ t♦ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥t♦ ✇✐♥❞✱ r✉♥ ❛t ❝♦♥st❛♥t s♣❡❡❞ ✿ ❛❧s♦ ❝✉t ♦✉t ✐❢ ✇✐♥❞ s♣❡❡❞ t♦♦ ❤✐❣❤✳

❲✐♥❞ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❨❛✇✱ ♣✐t❝❤ ④ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② t♦ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❡✈❛✐❧✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❞ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✭❆✮ ❊✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✭❆✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✐ss✉❡s Pitch ✭❆✮ ❲✐♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✭❆✮ ❲✐♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s ✭❇✮ ❇❧❛❞❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❇✮ Yaw ④ ❛❧s♦ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❡✍❝✐❡♥❝② ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ✇✐♥❞s✳ ❆❧s♦ ✿ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♣✐t❝❤ ♦❢ ❜❧❛❞❡s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛❡r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢♦r❝❡s ♦r st❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜❧❛❞❡s ✇❤❡♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳