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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Bra c Conclusion References SYNOPTIC AND SATELLITE PARAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF LARGE FOREST FIRES IN CROATIA Barbara Vodari c, Nata sa Strelec Mahovi c

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

SYNOPTIC AND SATELLITE PARAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF LARGE FOREST FIRES IN CROATIA

Barbara Vodari´ c, Nataˇ sa Strelec Mahovi´ c Biha´ c, April 28, 2014.

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

1 Satellite products in the fire analysis

MODIS Land - SAF

2 Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ

c Satellite products

3 Conclusion

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

Satellite products in the fire analysis

Used for detecting and locating fires in sparsely populated areas. Analysis of the size of the fire and its consequences. Alerting for the greater probability of fire in some areas. In presented analysis satellite products are used from: MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) on board of polar-orbiting satellites Terra and Aqua, Land SAF products measured by radiometer SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) on board of geostationary satellite MSG (Meteosat Second Generation).

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References MODIS

MODIS

Characteristics: Altitude of 705 km. 100 min orbital period. Wavelength range from 0.4 ➭m to 14.4 ➭m in 36 spectral bands. Spatial resolution of 250 m, 500 m or 1000 m, depending on the product or the spectral region. Terra Aqua

Image source: https://www.wolframalpha.com/

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Land - SAF

Land - SAF

Land-SAF (The Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis) is part

f SAF network, organized by the members of EUMETSAT (European

Organization for the Explotation of Meteorological Satellites). Radiometer SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) on board

f geostationary satellite MSG (Meteosat Second Generation).

MSG captures the Earth’s surface and atmosphere with a temporal resolution of 15 minutes and a spatial resolution of 3 km in nadir.

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References MODIS & Land - SAF

Fire detection and monitoring

Wildfire can develop a temperature of 500 K to 1200 K. Planck’s law Fire − → Mid - IR 3 to 5 ➭m Earth − → Long - IR 10 to 11 ➭m

MOD14A1/MYD14A1 T4 > 360 K (330 K night); T4 > 330 K (315 K night) and T4 − T11 > 25 K (10 K night). FD&M T b3,9 ≥ 315 K and ∆T ≥ 10 K for SZA ≤ 70◦; T b3,9 ≥ 313 K and ∆T ≥ 9 K for 70◦ ≤ SZA ≤ 73◦; T b3,9 ≥ 311 K and ∆T ≥ 7 K for 73◦ ≤ SZA ≤ 76◦; T b3,9 ≥ 309 K and ∆T ≥ 5 K for 76◦ ≤ SZA ≤ 79◦; T b3,9 ≥ 307 K and ∆T ≥ 4 K for 79◦ ≤ SZA ≤ 82◦; T b3,9 ≥ 306 K and ∆T ≥ 3 K for 82◦ ≤ SZA ≤ 85◦; T b3,9 ≥ 305 K and ∆T ≥ 3 K for SZA ≥ 85◦.

(Land-SAF, 2009),(Justice et al., 2002)

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References MODIS & Land - SAF

Vegetation

Absorption and reflection of solar radiation

n healthy and unhealthy plants.

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) NDV I = ρNIR − ρR ρNIR + ρR Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) EV I = 2,5 ρNIR − ρR ρNIR + ρR + 1 Fraction of Vegetation Cover (FVC) FV C = PV EG PV EG + PG

(LSA SAF, 2010), (LSA SAF, 2008), (Weier and Herring, 2000),(Solano et al., 2010),

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References MODIS & Land - SAF

Land surface temperature (LST)

Detection of larger fires due to sudden changes in temperature of soil in the given area. In the summer can give a false signal of fire. MOD11A1/MYD11A1 Temporal resolution: 1 day Spatial resolution: 1 km Land - SAF LST Temporal resolution: 15 minutes Spatial resolution: 3 km

Land – SAF, LST 15 July 2011, during fire on Braˇ c.

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Land - SAF

Fire Risk Map

In 1987. Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System (CFFWIS), created indices combining climate elements in the fire risk forecast. Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Duff Moisture Code (DMC), Drought Code (DC), Initial Spread Index (ISI), BuildUp Index (BUI), Fire Weather Index (FWI). FRM (Fire Risk Map) is calculated using 24, 48 and 72 hour ECMWF forecasts for: 2 m temperature , relative humidity , wind speed 10 m, precipitation 24 h, vegetation measured by satellites.

(de Groot, 1998)

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c

The fire started on the July 14, 2011 on the western side of island of Braˇ c at about 14h local time and was extinguished in the evening of the July 17, 2011. The fire burned down 56 km2 of pine trees, bushes and low vegetation, vineyards and olive groves (Mifka and Vuˇ ceti´ c, 2012).

Image source: http://www.jutarnji.hr

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Satellite products

Satellite products

True Image (RGB combination of channel 1 (0.62 – 0.67 ➭m), 4 (0.545 – 0.565 ➭m), 3 (0.459 – 0.479 ➭m)) on July 15, 2011 from 10:05 to 10:10 UTC. On figure smoke can be seen as a result of fire on Braˇ c.

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Satellite products

MOD14A1

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 14.07.2011. 15.07.2011.

FD&M

14.07.2011. 13:30 h 15.07.2011. 12:45 h

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Satellite products

MOD11A1

280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320

14.07.2011. Day 14.07.2011. Night

MOD11A1

280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320

15.07.2011. Day 15.07.2011. Night Temperature scale: Kelvin (K)

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Satellite products

LST

14.07.2011. 12:00 UTC 15.07.2011. 03:00 UTC

FVC

14.07.2011. 12:00 UTC 16.07.2011. 03:00 UTC

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Satellite products

NDVI

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

EVI

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

26.06.2011. – 11.07.2011. 12.07.2011. – 27.07.2011.

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References Satellite products

MOD09A1

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

04.07.2011. – 11.07.2011. 12.07.2011. – 19.07.2011.

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Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

Conclusion

Both polar and geostationary satellites have their advantages and disadvantages in detection and monitoring. Satellite products are more accurate than the products obtained from conventional measurements because they use a larger amount

f data in the calculation.

Monitoring of the course of fire and accompanying weather conditions allows more accurate and timely warnings for the fire department. Next goal is to verify satellite products for Croatian coastal area.

SLIDE 18

Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

W. J. de Groot. Interpreting the canadian forest fire weather index (fwi)
system. In Proc. of the Fourth Central Region Fire Weather Committee

Scientific and Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Canada, 1998.

C. Justice, L. Giglio, S. Korontzi, J. Owens, J. Morisette, D. Roy,
J. Descloitres, S. Alleaume, F. Petitcolin, and Y. Kaufman. The modis fire
products. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83:244–262, 2002.

Land-SAF. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for Fire detection and Monitoring Product (LSA-29). Land-SAF; EUMESAT, 0.2 edition, 10 2009. LSA SAF. Vegetation Parameters (FVC, LAI, FAPARR). LSA SAF, 2.1 edition, 01 2008. LSA SAF. Land Surface Temperature (LST). LSA SAF, 2.5 edition, 09 2010.

B. Mifka and V. Vuˇ

ceti´

c. Vremenska analiza za vrijeme velikog ˇ

sumskog poˇ zara na otoku braˇ cu od 14. do 17. srpnja 2011. Vatrogastvo i upravljanje poˇ zarima, 1:13–25, 2012.

R. Solano, K. Didan, A. Jacobson, and A. Huete. MODIS Vegetation Index

User’s Guide (MOD13 Series). The University of Arizona, 2.00 edition, 05 2010.

J. Weier and D. Herring. Measuring vegetation (ndvi & evi).

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/MeasuringVegetation/, 08 2000. URL http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/MeasuringVegetation/.

SLIDE 19

Satellite products in the fire analysis Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c Conclusion References

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

MODIS product MOD14A1 on March 12, 2012. Forest fire near Donje Rupotine (March 11, 2012. – March 12, 2012.)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

MODIS product MYD14A1 on July 23,

2012. Forest fire near Crikvenica and

SYNOPTIC AND SATELLITE PARAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF LARGE FOREST FIRES IN CROATIA

Barbara Vodari´ c, Nataˇ sa Strelec Mahovi´ c Biha´ c, April 28, 2014.

MODIS Land - SAF

c Satellite products

Satellite products in the fire analysis

MODIS

Characteristics: Altitude of 705 km. 100 min orbital period. Wavelength range from 0.4 ➭m to 14.4 ➭m in 36 spectral bands. Spatial resolution of 250 m, 500 m or 1000 m, depending on the product or the spectral region. Terra Aqua

Image source: https://www.wolframalpha.com/

Land - SAF

Land-SAF (The Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis) is part

Organization for the Explotation of Meteorological Satellites). Radiometer SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) on board

MSG captures the Earth’s surface and atmosphere with a temporal resolution of 15 minutes and a spatial resolution of 3 km in nadir.

Fire detection and monitoring

Wildfire can develop a temperature of 500 K to 1200 K. Planck’s law Fire − → Mid - IR 3 to 5 ➭m Earth − → Long - IR 10 to 11 ➭m

(Land-SAF, 2009),(Justice et al., 2002)

Vegetation

Absorption and reflection of solar radiation

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) NDV I = ρNIR − ρR ρNIR + ρR Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) EV I = 2,5 ρNIR − ρR ρNIR + ρR + 1 Fraction of Vegetation Cover (FVC) FV C = PV EG PV EG + PG

(LSA SAF, 2010), (LSA SAF, 2008), (Weier and Herring, 2000),(Solano et al., 2010),

Land surface temperature (LST)

Detection of larger fires due to sudden changes in temperature of soil in the given area. In the summer can give a false signal of fire. MOD11A1/MYD11A1 Temporal resolution: 1 day Spatial resolution: 1 km Land - SAF LST Temporal resolution: 15 minutes Spatial resolution: 3 km

Land – SAF, LST 15 July 2011, during fire on Braˇ c.

Fire Risk Map

(de Groot, 1998)

Analysis of forest fire on island of Braˇ c

The fire started on the July 14, 2011 on the western side of island of Braˇ c at about 14h local time and was extinguished in the evening of the July 17, 2011. The fire burned down 56 km2 of pine trees, bushes and low vegetation, vineyards and olive groves (Mifka and Vuˇ ceti´ c, 2012).

Image source: http://www.jutarnji.hr

Satellite products

True Image (RGB combination of channel 1 (0.62 – 0.67 ➭m), 4 (0.545 – 0.565 ➭m), 3 (0.459 – 0.479 ➭m)) on July 15, 2011 from 10:05 to 10:10 UTC. On figure smoke can be seen as a result of fire on Braˇ c.

MOD14A1

FD&M

MOD11A1

MOD11A1

LST

FVC

NDVI

EVI

MOD09A1

Conclusion

Both polar and geostationary satellites have their advantages and disadvantages in detection and monitoring. Satellite products are more accurate than the products obtained from conventional measurements because they use a larger amount

Monitoring of the course of fire and accompanying weather conditions allows more accurate and timely warnings for the fire department. Next goal is to verify satellite products for Croatian coastal area.

Scientific and Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Canada, 1998.

Land-SAF. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for Fire detection and Monitoring Product (LSA-29). Land-SAF; EUMESAT, 0.2 edition, 10 2009. LSA SAF. Vegetation Parameters (FVC, LAI, FAPARR). LSA SAF, 2.1 edition, 01 2008. LSA SAF. Land Surface Temperature (LST). LSA SAF, 2.5 edition, 09 2010.

ceti´

sumskog poˇ zara na otoku braˇ cu od 14. do 17. srpnja 2011. Vatrogastvo i upravljanje poˇ zarima, 1:13–25, 2012.

User’s Guide (MOD13 Series). The University of Arizona, 2.00 edition, 05 2010.

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/MeasuringVegetation/, 08 2000. URL http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/MeasuringVegetation/.

MODIS product MOD14A1 on March 12, 2012. Forest fire near Donje Rupotine (March 11, 2012. – March 12, 2012.)

MODIS product MYD14A1 on July 23,

Novi Vinodolski covered with clouds.