Switches Type & Purpose Ratings Specified ANSI C37.32 & IEEE Single phase and C37.34 Gang operated three Rated continuous current phase Rated maximum voltage Provide isolation of: Rated short circuit-time current (momentary) equipment Rated mechanical operations lines Rated interruption capability buses Rated ice breaking Allows for maintenance & testing Rated Insulation level Interruption for small currents
Switches Mounting arrangements Grounding Switch Horizontal upright For grounding live parts at the station Single side For grounding lines Double side Single pole or gang operated Center side Double side V Vertical Underhung or inverted Underground
Switches
Switches
Scan-Sub-Des\SUB-DES-SW-tables.pdf Switches Trayer.pdf
Station Power, Batteries Chargers AC Power DC Service Two sources, emergency Two battery banks generator with transfer switch Two DC distribution panel Transformer cooling system One circuit per breaker from Transformer load tap changer each panel ( combine) Transformer cabinet heaters For relay panel, one circuit Circuit breakers stored energy from each panel mechanism Two circuit per transformer Circuit breakers cabinet heaters Building & Outdoor yard lights Use IEEE Std 485 for sizing lead Battery chargers & outlets acid batteries Building mechanical system Building A/C
Batteries Design Practices Type of batteries Design a room exclusively for Vented batteries Lead-calcium flooded cell Design a room for two batteries Design battery room with a system to Lead-selenium flooded cell minimize hydrogen build up Nickel-Cadmium flooded Provides acid spills containment cell Provide plastic shields over energize parts Valve Regulated Sealed Provides safety equipment Consider hydrogen sensors Consider microprocessor controlled chargers
Cables High voltage cables Low voltage Cables (600V) Client/PREPA Copper cable is more reliable regulations & buy Multiconductor, color coded cable cables from approved is preferred manufacturers Practice is: Shielded cable PT circuits #12 AWG CU CT circuits #10 or # 8 AWG CU TR-Cross-linked Polyethylene Control Circuits # 14 AWG CU EPR Ethylene Propylene SCADA alarms #18 AWG CU Rubber
Substation Automation & Control Deployment of substation and feeder operating functions and applications to enhance operations and maintenance efficiencies with minimal human intervention.
SA Architecture Basic Layer Architecture Process Level ( HV Equipment) Bay Level (Protection & Control) Station level HMI Architecture-1.pdf
Communication Protocols Distributed Network IEC 61850 Protocol DNP3 Communication Communication Protocol Networks & Systems in IED devices Substation Scada Real-time SCADA Self description alc-2012.pdf Information models Configuration language IEC-61850-AP.pdf
Protection Relays are devices that are connected throughout the electric power system to detect an undesirable conditions and start an action to minimize damages to the system
Protection Protection philosophy requires a balance between redundancy and cost The goal is to protect the system with the simplest design The more complex the protection scheme the more probability for bad operations
Protection Zones of protection Transformer Protection Generators Differential Transformers Overcurrent Buses Overexcitation Transmission Lines Sudden pressure Distribution Lines Gas detection Zones of protection Bus Protection Primary Differential Secondary Overcurrent Back-up Breaker failure
Protection Line Protection Non-directional overcurrent Directional overcurrent Impedance Power line carrier & pilot wire Distance & directional overcurrent Current differential (fiber optic channel) Phase comparison
Grounding Grid General.pdf Combine-grounding-2.pdf Grounding Study
Feed Line
Underground Feed
MuseoCar\9569-combine-car.pdf Underground Feed
Control &Protection Panel
Control & Protection Panel
Visit to the Site Observe all site advantages and constraints Site restrictions (urban regulations) Check for future expansion constraints How lines and load circuits will be brought to the site and exit out Access to the site (how to move heavy equipment)
Equipment Layout General System Layout Diseño Sub-w\VIEQ Subst Profile 1.pdf GIS-PDF\GIS-Estudio\GIS-layout017.pdf
Post Visit to Site Update project scope & get approval if required Update estimate if required Submit amended permits if required Adjust any design criteria if required Issue instructions for long lead equipment and site studies
Equipment Lead Time Substation Transformers 10 -16 months Circuit Breakers 4 – 8 months High Voltage Switches 4 – 8 months Control & Protection Panel 4 – 8 months High Voltage GIS Equipment 8 – 12 months Medium Voltage GIS 8 – 10 months
Developed Project Time Table Expected Service Date Permits Equipment Procurement (transformers, breakers, etc. lead time) Power supplier requirements (PREPA and others) Client operations input Get the approval: SLD drawing Site Layout Detailed design Construction Commissioning and as-built
Substation Layout Substation Layout Single Line Diagram Check: Numbers of breakers, disconnect switches, transformers, auxiliaries, protective devices, lines and other equipment. Short circuit and current capacity of equipment, bus and other equipment Compliance with project’s scope and requirements Number of lines and load circuits All equipment fit within substation lot and complies with standards
Substation Layout Finalize design requirements Outdoor High, low profile or GIS mixed Indoor GIS or GIS mixed System protection and power company requirements Overhead lines & load circuits; clearances Underground lines & load circuits Cables, Gas Insulated Lines, Bus (GIL, GIB)
Substation Layout GIS-PDF\General-Layout-GIS.pdf General Layout
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