Structured Electronic Design Structured Electronic Design • ET 8016 • 5 ECTS credits 1
Structured Electronic Design Structured Electronic Design Some keywords: • Design methodology • Analysis and Synthesis • Applied network theory • Fundamental research • Free-swinging intellect 2
An amplifier An amplifier 10k Ω R 1 1. What type of amplifier is this? 2. When the gain is 10, what is the value of R 1 ? 3
Another amplifier Another amplifier 10k Ω R 2 3. When the gain is 100, what is the value of R 2 ? 4
And another amplifier And another amplifier 10k Ω R 3 4. When the gain is 2, what is the value of R 3 ? 5
And another… And another… 10k Ω R 4 5. When the gain is 20, what is the value of R 4 ? 6
7 6. How do you get the crab out?
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Fundamental research Fundamental research • How to design an amplifier? (techniques) • Why do it this way? (philosophy) 9
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11 o r μ π c c π r 7. What is this? b r
12 8. Will the lamp light up?
13 9. Will the lamp light up?
14 NO YES
Platonic solids Platonic solids Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Edges and angles Edges and angles are all congruent are all congruent 15 Dodecahedron Icosahedron
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It correctly predicts the orbit of all planets you can see with the naked eye. 10.Is this a good model? 17
Modeling Modeling A correct model gives a correct prediction 18
Platonic solids Platonic solids “The five Pythagorean regular polyhedra dictate the structure of the universe Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron “The five Pythagorean regular polyhedra dictate the structure of the universe and reflect God's plan through geometry”; June19, 1595, Johannes Kepler and reflect God's plan through geometry”; June19, 1595, Johannes Kepler 19 Dodecahedron Icosahedron
Modeling Modeling A correct model gives a correct prediction Never confuse models with “the truth” 20
Back to the amplifier… Back to the amplifier… 10k Ω 10k Ω 1V 1k Ω Kirchoffs Kirchoffs first law is not obeyed! first law is not obeyed! Kirchoffs Kirchoffs first law is not obeyed! first law is not obeyed! 6. What is the current through the load? 21
Language is a labyrinth of paths Design problems arise from bad formulations Language is a labyrinth of paths Design problems arise from bad formulations Ludwig Wittgenstein(1889-1951) 22
23 Amplifier design Amplifier design
An amplifier with a nullor An amplifier with a nullor 10k Ω R 4 R 2 R 1 24
Nullor Nullor i in =0 i out v out v in =0 Input current and input voltage of the nullor are made zero by the output signals of the nullor Input current and input voltage of the nullor are made zero by the output signals of the nullor 25
Inside the Nullor Inside the Nullor = i 0! = i 0? i = 0 = v 0! = v 0? v = 0 Nullator Norrator Nullator Norrator Input current and input voltage of the nullor are made zero by the output signals of the nullor Input current and input voltage of the nullor are made zero by the output signals of the nullor 26
What is the transfer T of this amplifier? What is the transfer T of this amplifier? R 2 R 1 27
The transfer T of this amplifier The transfer T of this amplifier R R 2 2 R R R = − 1 1 2 T v out R 1 28
Another transfer T of this amplifier Another transfer T of this amplifier R 2 R 1 = − T R v i out in another 2 29
Joseph Henry Joseph Henry The seeds of great discovery are constantly floating around us, but they only take root in minds well prepared to receive them 30
The chain matrix of this amplifier The chain matrix of this amplifier ⎛ ⎞ R R 2 − ⎜ ⎟ 0 1 R ? ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 1 v v v v R ⎜ ⎟ = in out out in 2 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ i i i i 1 − in ⎜ ⎟ out out in 0 ⎝ ⎠ R 2 R = = − = − 2 T T ?? T R another 2 again another R 1 31
The two-port and its chain matrix The two-port and its chain matrix i in i out + + v out v in _ _ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ v A B v ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = in out ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ i C D i in out 32
The two-port and its chain matrix The two-port and its chain matrix i in i out ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ v A B v + + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = in out ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ v out v in ⎝ ⎠ _ _ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ i i C D in out v v i i = = = = in in in in A B C D v i v i = = = = out i out v out i out v 0 0 0 0 out out out out 33
Nullor Nullor i in =0 i out _ + v out v in =0 _ + Input current and input voltage of the nullor are made zero via the output signals of the nullor ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ v v v A 0 0 B v ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = = ⎜ ⎟ in in out out ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ i i i C 0 0 D i in in out out 34
Accurate amplification Accurate amplification Information from source to load • Signal power is enlarged • Information stays unaltered A B A,B,C,D constant A,B,C,D constant A,B,C,D accurately known A,B,C,D accurately known C D 35
A voltage-to-voltage amplifier A voltage-to-voltage amplifier R 2 ⎛ ⎞ R − ⎜ ⎟ 1 0 R ⎜ ⎟ R 2 1 ⎜ ⎟ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ 0 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ R 2 v v out in R = − 2 A v R 1 36
R 2 R R s 1 v v out in R = − 2 A + v R R 1 s Amplification factor becomes inaccurate. 37
R 2 R R s 1 Optimization Optimization v in v out v n R = − 2 A + v R R 1 s ( ) = + S 4 kT R R // R v 1 s 2 n � Information is disturbed � Amplification factor still inaccurate. 38
Change topology Change topology R 2 R Orthogonalization Orthogonalization 1 v out R v s in + R R = 1 2 A v R 1 = + S 4 kT R ( R // R ) v s 1 2 n 39
R 2 R 1 v out v R in s + R R = 1 2 A v R 1 = + S 4 kT R ( R // R ) v s 1 2 n v = out i + fb R R 1 2 40
Orthogonalization Orthogonalization R 2 R 1 v out v R in s Optimization Optimization R 2 R R s 1 v v in out 41
42 ) 2 R // 1 R + s kT R 2 2 R R ( out 1 + R + v 1 1 out R 4 R v = = = n v v fb A S i n s kTR 1 4 n 0 = = = n v v fb A S i s R in v
Right choice Right choice Orthogonalization Orthogonalization Optimization Optimization 43
The “right” choice: The “right” choice: • Start? (as usual?) • Start? (as usual?) • Analyze? • Analyze? • Optimize? • Optimize? • Orthogonality? • Orthogonality? • Specifications? • Specifications? • Criteria? • Criteria? 44
The criteria The criteria + S N = 2 C B log N 1. Noise 1. Noise 2. Signal power (distortion) 2. Signal power (distortion) 3. Bandwidth 3. Bandwidth And what about supply voltage, current, power consumption, technology etc.? 45
Correlated properties Correlated properties 1. Noise 1. Noise 2. Signal power (distortion) 2. Signal power (distortion) • Optimization 3. Bandwidth 3. Bandwidth • Orthogonalization 46
Orthogonal properties (2) Orthogonal properties (2) • Properties are generally not orthogonal • But design as if • Make it right 47
As if… As if… When optimizing bandwidth: • Small-signal models (no non-linearity) • No noise When optimizing noise behavior: • Small-signal models (no non-linearity) • No bandwidth details When optimizing non-linear behavior (distortion): • No dynamic effects • No noise 48
The most orthogonal sequence? The most orthogonal sequence? bandwidth – noise – distortion bandwidth – distortion - noise noise - bandwidth – distortion noise – distortion - bandwidth distortion - noise – bandwidth distortion – bandwidth - noise 49
Know which problem to solve first Know which problem to solve first • Is it a cow? • Is it green? • Is it an animal? 50
See the structure: Create Hierarchy! See the structure: Create Hierarchy! Detail Global V hoog Limiter ∫ Σ Memory V c Limiter V laag 51
Efficient design Efficient design • The right design step at the right time • A design step occurs only once Orthogonality , hierarchy, classification 52
Efficient design (2) Efficient design (2) Reduce the search space as fast as possible. Look for “fast” criteria: • Necessary but not sufficient (e.g. LP -product) Extensive calculations only when it “makes sense” • Simplest model that suffices 53
Attitude Attitude • Know exactly what you want • Use second best, if you can’t have it • Know the penalty 54
Voltage amplifier, what’s in the nullor? Voltage amplifier, what’s in the nullor? Nullor S ource Load 55
Inside the Nullor Inside the Nullor Nullator Norrator 56
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