spatial cognition its all relative COGS 1 Oct. 13, 2009 Einstein - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

spatial cognition – it’s all relative COGS 1

• Oct. 13, 2009

Einstein and Picasso knew a thing or two about relativity…

rat brain – dorsal view human brain – sagittal view similarity in detailed structure of brain across mammalian species similarity in features of navigational strategies across mammalian species

hippocampal pyramidal neuron

15 10 Hz 8 Hz

• ccupancy counts

firing rate neuron 1 firing rate neuron 2 recording ‘place’ field Wilent and Nitz, 2007 tetrode (braided set of 4 electrodes) 28-tetrode microdrive relative-amplitude spike discrimination

depth perception from motion parallax

• r

depth perception from texture gradient

• r

depth perception from occlusion

• r

depth perception from retinal disparity (stereopsis) : : but which? MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 1: THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE WAYS

MAPPING SPACE IN THE BRAIN – RULE 2: DEFINE THE FRAME OF REFERENCE

egocentric frames arbitrary frames allocentric (world-centered) retinal space senses musculature vestibular info. route-centered proprioception

• bject-centered

* *

The Morris Water Tank Navigational Task

…like humans, animals know where they are in ‘allocentric’ space and this is dependent on the hippocampus

‘head-direction cells’ – neurons fire action potentials at rates that depend on the orientation of the animal’s head relative to the environment

…firing rate for the preferred direction is even higher if the animal is moving faster

THE ENTORHINAL CORTEX – ALLOCENTRIC (i.e., WORLD-CENTERED) SPATIAL MAPPING VIA ‘GRID CELLS” grid node ‘ratemap’ of an individual entorhinal cortex neuron grid nodes follow a pattern of tesselated triangles

DYNAMICS FROM STRUCTURE – HOW DOES ENTORHINAL CORTEX SUB-STRUCTURE PRODUCE GRID-CELL DYNAMICS?

McNaughton et al., 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience

how do grid cells yield hippocampal allocentric position maps?

McNaughton et al., 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience

THE HIPPOCAMPUS – ALLOCENTRIC (i.e., WORLD-CENTERED) SPATIAL MAPPING VIA ‘PLACE CELLS’ place field

10 Hz

color-mapping

• f action

potential frequency X space ‘ratemap’ of an individual hippocampal neuron

tracking position in the world-centered (allocentric) frame of reference: the ‘place cell’ – firing is tuned to the position of the animal in the environment (the place ‘field’) – different neurons map different positions (all directions are represented) – rotation of the environment boundaries = rotation of the place fields

the effects of damage to the parietal cortex in humans gives clues as to how ‘object-centered’ space is represented in the brain

where what

arising from primary visual processing in the occipital lobe, visual information travels: 1) to the temporal lobe where neurons fire action potentials in response to particular objects no matter where they are 2) to the parietal lobe where neurons fire action potentials in response to where an object is irrespective of what it is

the ‘what’ and ‘where’ pathways of the mammalian brain

area VIP of parietal cortex I: bringing together personal (egocentric) spaces of the somatosensory and visual systems

area VIP of parietal cortex II: bringing together personal (egocentric) spaces of the somatosensory and visual systems …and movement related to them

Duhamel et al., JNP, 1998

Nitz, Neuron, 2006

parietal cortex neurons in behaving rats map path segments (e.g., start pt. to first R turn) familiar path newly-learned path

inbound

• utbound

inbound

• utbound

inbound

10 Hz

parietal cortex: a rather abstract frame of reference – the space defined by the route (i.e., the space defined by sequence of behavior changes and the spaces separating them) goal start 35 35 35 35 firing rate L path 10 - outbound L R L R goal start path 10 - inbound L R L R goal start

• utbound

inbound R rbeh = 0.89 rspace = 0.16 L rbeh = 0.86 rspace = 0.23 R

Nitz, Neuron, 2006

BOLD SIGNALS IMPLICATE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARIETAL CORTEX IN NOVEL SCENE CONSTRUCTION

Hassabis et al., JNS, 2007