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SOCIAL MOB LITZ
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SOCIAL MOB LITZ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
SOCIAL MOB LITZ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
SOCIAL MOB LITZ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Michael Hout New York University Americans worried about declining social mobility for a long time now 1982 1984 Americans
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Americans worried about declining social mobility for a long time now
Note: Data slightly smoothed by locally estimated (lowess) regression. Red data points show recessions. Source: General Social Surveys, 1977-2018.
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Actual mobility by year of birth
Men's mobility peaked among those born in the Great Depression Women's mobility peaked among boomers Millennials are the only cohort with more downward than upward mobility.
Note: People 25–74 years old, raised in the United States, and born 1910–1990. Excluding people whose parents worked in agriculture. Source data on both parents: General Social Surveys, 1994–2016. Source data on fathers: General Social Surveys, 1972–2016.
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Actual mobility by year of birth
Men's mobility peaked among those born in the Great Depression Women's mobility peaked among boomers Millennials are the only cohort with more downward than upward mobility.
Note: People 25–74 years old, raised in the United States, and born 1910–1990. Excluding people whose parents worked in agriculture. Source data on both parents: General Social Surveys, 1994–2016.
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Intergenerational persistence (& mobility) depend on family structure
Note: People 25–74 years old, raised in the United States, and born 1910–1990. Excluding people whose parents worked in agriculture. Source: General Social Surveys, 1994–2016.
10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90 10 30 50 70 90
Men Women
Men Women Observed Observed Both parents β = 0.58 (s.e. = 0.03) Both parents β = 0.53 (s.e. = 0.03) Father only β = 0.53 (s.e. = 0.03) Father only β = 0.41 (s.e. = 0.02) Mother only β = 0.26 (s.e. = 0.06) Mother only β = 0.37 (s.e. = 0.03)
Current occupation: SEI Parents' occupations: SEI (weighted average)
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Education mediates much of the bivariate association
College as "great equalizer" Hout (1988) Torche (2011) Zhou (2019) Breen & Müller (2019) College graduates: OD association null among college graduates Less than college degree: OD association ~60% weaker than without education control (but still significant) Implication: Inequality of college opportunity is a major factor in US intergenerational persistence
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