Smart Micro-Grid Dr. H.K. Verma Distinguished Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg. Sharda University, Greater Noida website: profhkverma.info Formerly: Director Offg. (2011) Deputy Director (2006 – 2011) Professor of Electrical Engg. (1982 – 2012) IIT Roorkee/ University of Roorkee Expert Lecture delivered at: Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida 13 th April, 2018 1
CONTENTS Part t 1: 1: What t is is Sma mart t Grid id? ? Pa Part t 2: What t is is Mic icro-Gr Grid? id? Part t 3: Mic icro-Gr Grid id Ar Archit itectur ectures es Part Pa t 4: 4: Op Operation tion and Con d Contr trol ol of of M Mic icro-Gri Grid Part t 5: 5: Ap Appli licatio tion n Ar Areas of of Mi Micro-Gri rid Part t 6: : Ca Case S e Study tudy of of Ca Camp mpus us Mic icro-Gri rid d Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 2
Par Part 1 Wha What is t is Sma Smart Grid? rt Grid? Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 3
Electricity Supply Chain Power Flow Power Flow Power Flow Generating Transmission Distribution Consumers (Loads) Stations Network Network 66kV/33kV/11kV 132kV/220kV/400kV/765kV 3-30kV - Bulk Consumers 415V,3- ɸ/240V,1 - ɸ - Small Consumers Electrical Power System Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 4
Traditional Power Grid Power Flow Power Flow Power Flow Generating Transmission Distribution Consumers (Loads) Stations Network Network 66kV/33kV/11kV 3-30KV 132kV/220kV/400kV/765kV - Bulk Consumers Information 415V,3- ɸ/240V,1 - ɸ Information Flow Flow - Small Consumers Traditional Power Grid 5 Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma
Smart Power Grid Power Flow Power Flow Power Flow Generating Transmission Distribution Consumers (Loads) Stations Network Network 66kV/33kV/11kV 3-30kV 132kV/220kV/400kV/765kV - Bulk Consumers Information Information Information 415V,3- ɸ/240V,1 - ɸ Flow Flow Flow - Small Consumers Smart Power Grid Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 6
Definition of Smart Grid Smart power grid (or, smart grid) is a concept aimed at integrating the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of electricity, while encouraging participation of the consumers in the operation of the power grid and reducing the overall impact of producing and using electricity on the environment, with the ultimate objective of efficient, reliable and high- quality electricity to consumers at competitive prices, and characterized by two-way flows of energy and information. Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 7
Objectives of Smart Grid 1. To increase the efficiency of whole electricity supply chain including consumer end or demand side. 2. To improve reliability of the service (power supply). 3. To improve the quality of power. 4. To encourage competition amongst electricity suppliers. 5. To help consumers to control their energy consumptions pattern to minimize electricity bill. 6. To reduce impact of electricity generation and its use on environment. Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 8
Components of Smart Grid 1. Power system ( Generation + Transmission + Distribution ) 2. Smart transmission (ST) 3. Substation automation (SA) 4. Distribution automation (DA) 5. Demand-side management (DSM)) 6. Two-way communication infrastructure 7. Distributed renewable energy generation (DREG or DG) 8. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) 9. Micro-grid Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 9
Par Part 2 t 2 Wha What is t is Mic Micro ro-Grid Grid? Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 10
Definition and Components of Micro-Grid De Definitio nition given by by Micro-grid grid Exc xcha hange ge Group of of DO DOE, USA: Micro-grid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (distributed generation + energy storage) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity in terms of an energy grid. Major or compone nents nts of of a micro-grid grid: 1. Power distribution system (PDS) 2. Distributed generation (DG) Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 3. Energy storage (ES) 4. Flexible or controllable loads 5. Micro-grid control centre (MGCC) Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 11
Modes of Operation of Micro-Grid Basi sicall cally y tw two o mo mode des of of o operati tion: on: A. Grid-connected mode of operation B. Isolated or Islanded mode of operation Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 12
Benefits of Micro-Grid Majo jor be benefi fits ts of of m mic icro-grids rids: 1. Enables smart grid implementation. 2. Promotes distributed renewable energy generation. 3. Enhances energy security and efficiency. 4. Improves voltage regulation. 5. Supports main grid. 6. Enables supply-load optimization. 7. Enables electrification in rural and remote areas. Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 13
Micro-Grid Stimulants Main in fa facto tors sti timul mulati ating ng th the grow owth th of of mi micro-gri rids ds: 1. Cost of renewable energy generation is coming down fast. 2. Increasing concern for environmental protection. 3. Complexities of design and operation of micro-grid and interconnection with main grid have been largely addressed. Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 14
Par Part 3 t 3 Mic Micro ro-Grid Grid Arc Archit hitectu ectures res Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 15
Basic Structure of Micro-Grid Main Grid High Voltage Bus - 11KV Wind PV Solar Step Fuel Cell Power Power Up Transformer Power Step AC DC DC Flow Down Point of Common PCC Coupling PEI PEI PEI Low Voltage Bus 415KV, 3- ɸ , 4 W PEI Micro-grid PEI control DC centre Energy Storage AC Loads DC Loads PEI : Power Electronic Interface Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 16
Micro-Grid Types Ty Types s ba based o d on th the pow ower supply ly bu bus: 1. AC Micro-Grid 2. DC Micro-Grid 3. AC/DC Hybrid Micro-Grid Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 17
AC Micro-Grid Architecture Low Voltage AC Bus (415V, 3ɸ, 4 Wire, 50Hz) Varying DC AC PV DC Generation AC Transformer Main Grid AC (11KV) Varying AC DC Wind AC DC Point of AC Generation DC Step Up Common Coupling Step Down AC DC DC Micro-grid Fuel Cell AC Power Flow control AC Loads centre AC Micro-turbine DC (charging) Power Flow AC AC DC DC Loads AC DC Energy In-built converter Storage DC discharging) AC DC AC 18 18
DC Micro-Grid Architecture Transformer AC 380V DC Main Grid DC DC Bus AC (11KV) Point of Step Up DC Step Down DC PV DC Common DC Generation Coupling DC DC AC Micro-turbine AC AC DC Wind AC Generation DC Micro-grid DC DC Loads control (380V) centre DC DC DC Fuel Cell DC DC AC DC AC Loads AC DC DC Storage DC DC DC 24V DC DC Batteries DC Loads 24V DC Bus 19 19
AC/DC Hybrid Micro-Grid Architecture DC DC PV DC AC Bus 380V DC Generation DC (415V,3ɸ,4W,50Hz) Power Bus Transformer Main AC Grid DC AC Wind AC (11kV) Point of Micro-grid Step Up Generation DC Common Step Down control Coupling centre DC DC DC AC Fuel Cell DC Micro-turbine AC DC DC AC DC Storage DC DC Batteries AC Bidirectional AC Loads DC 380V DC Loads DC DC DC DC 24V DC Loads DC 20 24V DC Bus
Par Part 4 t 4 Ope Operat ration ion an and Con d Contro trol l of of Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 21
Challenges in Operation and Control of Micro-Grid Operatio ration n & cont ntrol l of micro ro-gr grid id is more challenging nging than n that of main n grid for following wing reasons: ns: 1. Two modes of operation (against a single mode of operation of main grid) 2. Different control strategies need to be implement in two modes of operation: (a) Grid-connected mode If there is a short-fall of generation, then import power from main grid If generation is surplus, then export power to main grid (b) Islanded mode If generation is surplus, then store surplus power If no storage or insufficient storage, then reduce generation If there is a short-fall of generation, then take power from storage If stored energy is not sufficient, then reduce the load. Contd …. ` Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 22
Challenges in Operation and Control of Micro-Grid Co Cont ntd … 3. Distributed generation is obtained from renewable sources: Generation is intermittent, not continuous Generation keeps on varying Generation is partially controllable 4. Spinning reserves are much limited: Real spinning reserve: Storage batteries Virtual spinning reserve: Flexible loads Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma 23
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