[PPT] - Smart Micro-Grid Dr. H.K. Verma Distinguished Professor Department PowerPoint Presentation

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Smart Micro-Grid

Dr. H.K. Verma

Distinguished Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg. Sharda University, Greater Noida

website: profhkverma.info

Formerly: Director Offg. (2011) Deputy Director (2006 – 2011) Professor of Electrical Engg. (1982 – 2012) IIT Roorkee/ University of Roorkee Expert Lecture delivered at:

Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida

13th April, 2018

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CONTENTS Part t 1: 1: What t is is Sma mart t Grid id? ? Pa Part t 2: What t is is Mic icro-Gr Grid? id? Part t 3: Mic icro-Gr Grid id Ar Archit itectur ectures es Pa Part t 4: 4: Op Operation tion and Con d Contr trol

l of
f M

Mic icro-Gri Grid Part t 5: 5: Ap Appli licatio tion n Ar Areas of

f Mi

Micro-Gri rid Part t 6: : Ca Case S e Study tudy of

f Ca

Camp mpus us Mic icro-Gri rid d

2 Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Par Part 1 Wha What is t is Sma Smart Grid? rt Grid?

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

SLIDE 4

Electricity Supply Chain

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Generating Stations Transmission Network Distribution Network Consumers (Loads) 3-30kV 132kV/220kV/400kV/765kV

Power Flow Electrical Power System Power Flow Power Flow

66kV/33kV/11kV

Bulk Consumers

415V,3-ɸ/240V,1-ɸ

Small Consumers

SLIDE 5

Traditional Power Grid

5 Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

Generating Stations Transmission Network Distribution Network Consumers (Loads) 3-30KV 132kV/220kV/400kV/765kV

Information Flow

Traditional Power Grid

Power Flow Power Flow Power Flow Information Flow

66kV/33kV/11kV

Bulk Consumers

415V,3-ɸ/240V,1-ɸ

Small Consumers

SLIDE 6

Smart Power Grid

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma Generating Stations Transmission Network Distribution Network Consumers (Loads) 3-30kV 132kV/220kV/400kV/765kV 66kV/33kV/11kV

Bulk Consumers

415V,3-ɸ/240V,1-ɸ

Small Consumers

Information Flow

Smart Power Grid

Power Flow Power Flow Power Flow Information Flow Information Flow

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Definition of Smart Grid

Smart power grid (or, smart grid) is a concept aimed at integrating the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of electricity, while encouraging participation of the consumers in the

peration of the power grid and reducing the overall impact
f producing and using electricity on the environment,

with the ultimate objective of efficient, reliable and high- quality electricity to consumers at competitive prices, and characterized by two-way flows of energy and information.

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Objectives of Smart Grid

1. To increase the efficiency of whole electricity supply

chain including consumer end or demand side.

2. To improve reliability of the service (power supply).
3. To improve the quality of power.
4. To encourage competition amongst electricity suppliers.
5. To

help consumers to control their energy consumptions pattern to minimize electricity bill.

6. To reduce impact of electricity generation and its use
n environment.

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Components of Smart Grid

1. Power system (Generation + Transmission + Distribution)
2. Smart transmission (ST)
3. Substation automation (SA)
4. Distribution automation (DA)
5. Demand-side management (DSM))
6. Two-way communication infrastructure
7. Distributed renewable energy generation (DREG or DG)
8. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
9. Micro-grid

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Par Part 2 t 2 Wha What is t is Mic Micro ro-Grid Grid?

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Definition and Components of Micro-Grid

De Definitio nition given by by Micro-grid grid Exc xcha hange ge Group of

f DO

DOE, USA:

Micro-grid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (distributed generation + energy storage) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity in terms of an energy grid.

Major

r compone

nents nts of

f a micro-grid

grid:

1. Power distribution system (PDS) 2. Distributed generation (DG) 3. Energy storage (ES) 4. Flexible or controllable loads 5. Micro-grid control centre (MGCC)

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)

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Modes of Operation of Micro-Grid Basi sicall cally y tw two

mo

mode des of

f o
perati

tion:

n:
A. Grid-connected mode of operation
B. Isolated or Islanded mode of operation

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Benefits of Micro-Grid Majo jor be benefi fits ts of

f m

mic icro-grids rids:

1. Enables smart grid implementation.
2. Promotes distributed renewable energy generation.
3. Enhances energy security and efficiency.
4. Improves voltage regulation.
5. Supports main grid.
6. Enables supply-load optimization.
7. Enables electrification in rural and remote areas.

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Micro-Grid Stimulants Main in fa facto tors sti timul mulati ating ng th the grow

wth

th of

f mi

micro-gri rids ds:

1. Cost of renewable energy generation is coming down fast.
2. Increasing concern for environmental protection.

3. Complexities of design and operation of micro-grid and interconnection with main grid have been largely addressed.

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Par Part 3 t 3 Mic Micro ro-Grid Grid Arc Archit hitectu ectures res

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Basic Structure of Micro-Grid

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma PV Solar Power DC Loads PEI Fuel Cell PEI Wind Power PEI AC Loads Energy Storage PEI PEI

Micro-grid control centre

DC AC DC Power Flow Main Grid High Voltage Bus - 11KV Point of Common Coupling Low Voltage Bus 415KV, 3-ɸ, 4 W Transformer Step Down Step Up PCC DC

PEI : Power Electronic Interface

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Micro-Grid Types Ty Types s ba based o d on th the pow

wer supply

ly bu bus:

1. AC Micro-Grid
2. DC Micro-Grid
3. AC/DC Hybrid Micro-Grid

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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AC Micro-Grid Architecture

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Wind Generation PV Generation AC Loads DC Loads Micro-turbine Energy Storage Fuel Cell DC AC AC AC AC DC DC DC DC AC DC AC Varying DC AC Varying AC DC DC AC AC AC DC (charging) DC discharging) AC AC DC Power Flow In-built converter Transformer Main Grid (11KV) Point of Common Coupling Step Up Step Down

Low Voltage AC Bus (415V, 3ɸ, 4 Wire, 50Hz)

AC Power Flow

Micro-grid control centre

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DC Micro-Grid Architecture

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DC Transformer

Main Grid (11KV)

Step Down 380V DC Bus Storage Batteries DC DC DC DC Fuel Cell DC DC DC DC Wind Generation AC DC AC DC PV Generation DC Point of Common Coupling Step Up AC DC DC AC Micro-turbine DC AC AC DC 24V DC Loads DC DC 24V DC Bus AC Loads DC AC DC DC Loads (380V) DC DC AC DC DC

Micro-grid control centre

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AC/DC Hybrid Micro-Grid Architecture

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AC Bus (415V,3ɸ,4W,50Hz) Power Transformer Point of Common Coupling Step Up Step Down AC Micro-turbine AC Loads AC AC DC AC AC Bidirectional 380V DC Bus DC DC DC DC DC Fuel Cell DC DC DC DC Wind Generation AC DC AC DC PV Generation DC DC DC Storage Batteries 380V DC Loads DC 24V DC Loads 24V DC Bus DC DC DC DC DC Main Grid (11kV)

Micro-grid control centre

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Par Part 4 t 4

Ope Operat ration ion an and Con d Contro trol l

f
f

Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Challenges in Operation and Control of Micro-Grid

Operatio ration n & cont ntrol l of micro ro-gr grid id is more challenging nging than n that

f main

n grid for following wing reasons: ns:

1. Two modes of operation (against a single mode of operation of main grid)
2. Different control strategies need to be implement in two modes of operation:

(a) Grid-connected mode

If there is a short-fall of generation, then import power from main grid
If generation is surplus, then export power to main grid

(b) Islanded mode

If generation is surplus, then store surplus power
If no storage or insufficient storage, then reduce generation
If there is a short-fall of generation, then take power from storage
If stored energy is not sufficient, then reduce the load.

` Contd….

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Challenges in Operation and Control of Micro-Grid

Co Cont ntd…

3. Distributed generation is obtained from renewable sources:
Generation is intermittent, not continuous
Generation keeps on varying
Generation is partially controllable
4. Spinning reserves are much limited:
Real spinning reserve: Storage batteries
Virtual spinning reserve: Flexible loads

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Three-Level Control Co Comp mple lete c te contr

ntrol
l and au

d auto toma mation tion of

f a

a mi micro-gr grid id can be be spli lit t in into to th three hie ierarchi chical cal le levels ls: :

1. Primary or Local Control
2. Secondary or Centralized or Global Control
3. Tertiary or Optimization Control.

“A micro-grid provided with centralized control, by using computers and comm. network, is considered as a Smart Micro-Grid”

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Primary or Local Control

1. Strategy: Local controls by individual controllers (converters)
2. Controls are based on local measurements
3. Communications not required
4. Objectives: Power-flow control, voltage control , frequency synchronization
5. PV Generation: Controls performed by inverter:
Frequency control
Voltage control
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
6. Wind Generation: Controls performed by converters:
Voltage control (AC-DC converter)
Frequency synchronization (DC-AC converter)
7. Storage Battery: Controls performed by bidirectional converter:
Charging current control
Discharging current control

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Secondary or Central Control

1. Strategy: Microgrid is treated as a single system
2. Control is based on the system-wide measurements
3. Communication Requirements
Two way communication is essential
It should be fast
It should be reliable
4. Objectives:
Active-power sharing among different distributed generators
Reactive-power sharing among different distributed generators
Supply voltage regulation
Power quality control
5. Control Technique : SCADA

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Tertiary Control or Optimization Tw Two op

pti

timi mization ation str trategi tegies es have be been sugge ggeste sted:

1. Economic optimization alone

Strategy: minimization of the cost of energy
Consider dynamic pricing of electricity and accordingly carry out

demand response.

2. Multi-objective optimization
Strategy: minimization of a multi-objective cost function
The cost -function may include:
Micro-grid construction cost
Operational costs of distributed generators
Start-up and shut-down costs of distributed generators
Costs of interrupted loads
May also include minimization of gas emissions.

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Par Part t 5

App Applic lication ation Are Areas as

f
f

Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Application Areas of Micro-Grid

1. Private organizations
Industrial and commercial organizations
Privately owned
Microgrid is operated by facility managers
Limited interaction with utility
Focus on economic and reliable power

2, Government organizations

Microgrid operates closely in parallel with main grid

(a) City or municipal micro-grid

Usually works as a driver of SMART CITY vision
Focus on economic and reliable power

(b) Military-base micro-grid

Focus on reliability and safety

Contd…..

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Application Areas of Micro-Grid

Contd….. 3. Electric utilities

Vertically integrated with utility’s distribution system and customer-base
Focus on service quality and power quality
4. Educational institutes
Called campus micro-grid
Focus on
“Economic and reliable power” and/or
“Innovation and research in smart grid technologies / microgrid”
5. Remote village or village-cluster
Where main-grid connectivity is not viable
Ownership may be with village community / Village Panchayat / utility
Focus on electrification of remote / rural areas

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Pa Part rt 6 Ca Case se St Stud udy: y: A Ca A Campu mpus s Mic Micro ro-Gri Grid d

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Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Upgradation of Campus PDS to Smart Campus Micro-Grid

1. Add renewable distributed generation (DG): (Distributed roof-top PV solar power plant) 2. Integrate the distributed PV solar power plant with PDS at major load points 3. Add inter-substation links 4. Add SCADA system for centralized control of Campus Micro-Grid from control station 5. Add advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) for acquiring meter data in control station 6. Develop and install software modules.

32 Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Campus Power Distribution System

E/M 33kV Feeder from NPCL Isolator SF6 CB,33kV,125A 33kV Bus SF6 CB,33kV,125A SF6 CB,33kV,125A 33/11kV, 5MVA 33/11kV, 3MVA Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A 11kV Bus Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A 11kV Feeder to ESS-1 11kV Feeder to ESS-2 11kV Feeder to ESS-3 Spare Vacuum CB,630A Bus Coupler Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Air CB, 415V,2000A Building-A Building-B Building-C Building-E Other Loads Building-F Building-G Building-H Building-I Other Loads Building-J Other Loads From 1000kVA,415 V DG Set From 750kVA,415V DG Set From 1000kVA,415V DG Set From 750kVA,415V DG Set 11/0.433kV, 2500kVA 11/0.433kV, 1250kVA 11/0.433kV, 1500kVA 11/0.433kV, 1250kVA 11/0.433kV, 2000kVA Vacuum CB, 11kV,800A Vacuum CB, 11kV,800A Air CB, 415V,4000A Air CB, 415V,4000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB,4000A Air CB,3200A 11/0.433kV, 1500kVA ESS-2 ESS-3 33/11kV SS Building-D MCCB, 400A Air CB,2000A Bus Coupler Air CB,2000A Bus Coupler Air CB,2000A Bus Coupler 415V Bus Bar 415V Bus Bar MCO MACO Feeder from 11/0.433kV ESS-1 From 1000kVA,415V DG Set From 750kVA,415V DG Set Air CB,4000A Air CB,3200A Air CB,800A 11kV Bus 11kV Bus 11kV Bus MCCB, 400A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A RMU Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Tie Line 1-2 MCO MCO MCO MACO 415V Bus Bar

Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Micro-Grid : PDS with Distributed Generation and Tie-Lines

E/M 33kV Feeder from NPCL Isolator SF6 CB,33kV,125A 33kV Bus SF6 CB,33kV,125A SF6 CB,33kV,125A 33/11kV, 5MVA 33/11kV, 3MVA Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A 11kV Bus Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A 11kV Feeder to ESS-1 11kV Feeder to ESS-2 11kV Feeder to ESS-3 Spare Vacuum CB,630A Bus Coupler Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Air CB, 415V,2000A PV SP Unit-A Building-A PV SP Unit-B Building-B PV SP Unit-C Building-C PV SP Unit-D PV SP Unit-E Other Loads PV SP Unit-F PV SP Unit-G PV SP Unit-H Building-H PV SP Unit-I Building-I Other Loads PV SP Unit-J Building-J Other Loads From 1000kVA,415 V DG Set From 750kVA,415V DG Set From 1000kVA,415V DG Set From 750kVA,415V DG Set 11/0.433kV, 2500kVA 11/0.433kV, 1250kVA 11/0.433kV, 1500kVA 11/0.433kV, 1250kVA 11/0.433kV, 2000kVA Vacuum CB, 11kV,800A Vacuum CB, 11kV,800A Air CB, 415V,4000A Air CB, 415V,4000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB,4000A Air CB,3200A 11/0.433kV, 1500kVA ESS-1 ESS-2 ESS-3 33/11kV SS Building-D MCCB, 400A Air CB,2000A Bus Coupler Air CB,2000A Bus Coupler Air CB,2000A Bus Coupler 415V Bus Bar 415V Bus Bar MCO MACO Feeder from 11/0.433kV ESS-1 From 1000kVA,415V DG Set From 750kVA,415V DG Set Air CB,4000A Air CB,3200A Air CB,800A 11kV Bus 11kV Bus 11kV Bus MCCB, 400A MCCB, 150A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A RMU Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Air CB, 415V,2000A Air CB, 415 V 2000 0A Air CB, 415 V, 2000A Vacuum CB, 11kV,630A Tie Line 1-2 Tie Line 1-3 Tie Line 2-3 Building-F Building-E Building-G MCO MCO LEGEND- MCO: Manual Change Over Switch, 1000A MACO: Both Manual & Auto Change Over Switch, 1000A MCO MACO 415V Bus Bar

Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Layout of SCADA System for Smart Micro-Grid

Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Remote Terminal Unit

PLC

SU LAN PORT

ETHERNET PORT

TRIP CLOSE O/C U/V

MCCB-RTC

TRIP

CLOSE T1 C1 T2 C2 T3 C3 T4 C4 T5 C5 T6 C6 T7 C7 T8 C8

MCCB’s-RT

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

MCCB-RTC MCCB’s- RT

2-DO’S 8- DO’S 4- DI’S 16- DI’S RS -485 PORT RS- 485 LAN

Legend MCCB-RTC: MCCB with Remote Trip & Close. MCCB-RT: MCCB with Remote Trip only.

Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

SLIDE 37

RS485 LAN for Advanced Metering

37

PLC

SU LAN PORT

ETHERNET PORT TRIP CLOSE O/C U/V

MCCB-RTC

TRIP CLOSE T1 C1 T2 C2 T3 C3 T4 C4 T5 C5 T6 C6 T7 C7 T8 C8

MCCB’s-RTC

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

MCCB- RTC MCCB’s- RT

SMFM-1 SMFM-2 SMFM-3 SMFM-4 2-DO’S 8- DO’S 4- DI’S 16- DI’S LEGEND: MCCB-RTC: MCCB with Remote Trip & Close MCCB-RT: MCCB with Remote Trip only. RS -485 PORT RS- 485 LAN

Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

SLIDE 38

Software Modules

RTU software: PLC ladder program for data acquisition, control and data transmission MTU software modules : 1. HMI screens 2. Communication 3. Operation and control 4. Data collection and storage 5. Data analysis and trend curves 6. Alerts and alarms 7. Energy management 8. Peak-demand management, 9. Outage management

10. Report generation

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So Some me Sc Scre reen en Sh Shot

ts

s

f
f th

the Op e Oper eration ation of

f

SC SCAD ADA A Sy System tem of

f

Sma Smart rt Ca Camp mpus us Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid

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40 Smart Micro-Grid Prof. H.K. Verma

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Smart Micro-Grid Dr. H.K. Verma Distinguished Professor Department - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Smart Micro-Grid

Par Part 1 Wha What is t is Sma Smart Grid? rt Grid?

Par Part 2 t 2 Wha What is t is Mic Micro ro-Grid Grid?

Par Part 3 t 3 Mic Micro ro-Grid Grid Arc Archit hitectu ectures res

Par Part 4 t 4

Ope Operat ration ion an and Con d Contro trol l

Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid

Par Part t 5

App Applic lication ation Are Areas as

Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid

Pa Part rt 6 Ca Case se St Stud udy: y: A Ca A Campu mpus s Mic Micro ro-Gri Grid d

So Some me Sc Scre reen en Sh Shot

s

the Op e Oper eration ation of

SC SCAD ADA A Sy System tem of

Sma Smart rt Ca Camp mpus us Mi Micr cro-Grid Grid

Tha Thanks nks