Smart Solutions for a Smart Smart Solutions for a Smart Grid Grid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Smart Solutions for a Smart Smart Solutions for a Smart Grid Grid

Eric Sortomme Eric Sortomme The cialab The cialab Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering University of Washington University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Seattle, WA 98195 http://cialab.ee.washington.edu

Current Power System

Power plant Transmission transformer High voltage transmission line Distribution transformer Distribution line Service transformer 200kV-1MV 15kV-25kV 120/240V Transmission transformer

Existing Distribution Grid

• Have seen little change

– Mostly radial – Mostly unidirectional power flows – Passive in operation.

• Their primary role is

energy delivery to end- user

What’s the problem?

CO2

Solution

• Concerned citizens and politicians work

together to pass renewable portfolio standards (RPS)

States with RPS as of 2007

Renewable Energy Penetration

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 Time (Minutes) Power Output (MW) 1 Hour Wind Farm Output

Reliability

• Utilities are all subject to

NERC and other regional councils (WECC etc.)

Customers Demands

• Cost options
• Reduced outages
• Energy Options

Regulators

• Consumers vote on

PUD commissioners, UTC which must approve rates.

What’s a Utility to do?

Smart Grid

Smart Grid Objectives

• Accessible: granting access and

capability for bidirectional flow to all customers.

• Flexible: fulfilling customers’ needs whilst

responding to the changes and challenges ahead

• Reliable: assuring and improving security

and quality of supply

• Economic: providing best value through

innovation and efficient energy management.

What to Expect?

• A proportion of the electricity generated by

large conventional plants will be displaced by

– distributed generation – renewable energy sources – energy storage – demand response – demand side management

What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid?

• Reduction in transmission

congestion

• Reduced blackouts and forced
• utages

– “power outages and fluctuations cost U.S. businesses and consumers $30 billion each year.” DOE

• Reduction in restoration time
• Self diagnosis and self healing

What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid?

• Peak demand shaving
• Increased system capacity
• Increased security and reduced

vulnerability

What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid?

• Reduction is some power

quality problems due to improved power flow

• Increase environmental

benefits

Technology needed to implement the Smart Grids

• Energy Storage
• Advanced Metering and Sensors
• Grid friendly Plug-in Hybrids
• Grid friendly loads
• Smart houses
• Substation Automation
• Distribution Automation
• Communications
• Demand Response
• Web Services and Grid Computing
• Weather Prediction
• Advanced Conductors
• Advanced distributed control
• … … …

Our Focus

• Integrating distributed generation, grid

friendly appliances and plug-in vehicles into microgrids which interact with the larger grid as an aggregate load or source with ancillary services. This delivers increased reliability and decreased costs to all involved.

Distributed Generation

• Decreased losses
• Offsets transmission and distribution

construction

• Saves $$$

Plug-in Vehicles

• Could be a serious

problem if there is no control.

– Utilities would add approximately 1 TWh to their current generation

• Could Provide

storage, grid support and thus decreased costs.

Smart Appliances

• Respond to frequency drops and turn off for

several minutes, giving additional time for reserve generation to be brought up or faults cleared.

• Respond to price signals and utilize their storage

capacity to provide load following and regulation services

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 Time (Minutes) Power Output (MW) 1 Hour Wind Farm Output

Microgrid Regulation

• Water heaters, building climate control,

refrigeration, clothes dryers, and charging EVs are all curtailable which will smooth regulatory fluctuations in their operation.

• Can operate around the average required and

provide minute to minute regulation for the grid without the customer noticing.

• Provided to the utility for slight reduction in rates,

and the utility can then dispatch more of their

• wn generation for more profits.

Microgrid Load Following

• Appliances with longer curtailable

capacities allows the utility time to schedule intermittent resources.

• Neural Network controllers will adaptively

determine the allowable amount based on usage history, price of service, system reliability state, etc.

28

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 59.3 59.4 59.5 59.6 59.7 59.8 59.9 60 60.1 Time (sec) Hz Load control No load control

Bus 25 frequency @ t = 1 sec: loads +5% @ t = 40 sec: loads +15%

from Trudnowski et al. IEEE PES. 2005. (http://gridwise.pnl.gov/docs/pnnlsa44073.pdf)

Rob Pratt Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Microgrid Spinning Reserve

Microgrid Dispatch

• Multiple microgrids can be optimally

dispatched to reduce costs even without taking into account the ancillary services (load following, regulation, spinning reserve).

Microgrid Dispatch

• 1

• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

• 0.5

Thank you

Questions?

Sources

• Prof. El-Sharkawi’s slides
• Al Gore picture: http://techluver.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/al-

gore.jpg

• RPS standards: http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/imageSnag/rps_feb07.png
• Tesla Roadster Picture: http://mkrstovic.com/images/Tesla-Roadster.jpg
• Solar House: http://i160.photobucket.com/albums/t175/jcwinni/4byf877.jpg
• Robocop: http://geekofalltrades.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/robocop-

792844bmp.jpg

• Gorilla: http://askbobrankin.com/myspace-gorilla.jpg
• Utility Workers: http://www.opuda.org/images/linemen300px.jpg
• Wind Turbine on House: http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/wall-mounted-

d400-wind-turbine.jpg

• Micro hydro:

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/images/events/1158-micro- hydro-power.jpg

• Charging Teslas: http://www.treehugger.com/tesla-roadster-charging001.jpg