Smart Grid Control Primer Anurag K Srivastava Washington State - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Smart Grid Control Primer Anurag K Srivastava Washington State - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 07, 2023 148 likes •397 views

Smart Grid Control Primer Anurag K Srivastava Washington State University Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security | cred-c.org Smart Grid Goals Power System OperaFonal Sense Paradigm

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Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security | cred-c.org

Smart Grid Control Primer

Anurag K Srivastava Washington State University

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Smart Grid Goals

§ Power System OperaFonal Paradigm (reliability, economics, resiliency, sustainability)

§ Sense § Communicate § Compute § Visualize § Control

§ Advancement in physical system, informaFon network, control, human aspects

Sense Communicate Compute and send Control Signal

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Control Objec-ve and Mul--scale Dynamics in Power System

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Centralized Control

Credit: PSERC report

Local/ Decentralized Control

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Smart Grid Control

n Voltage, frequency and

power control

n Provide operators with

up-to-date information

  • n the condition of the

power systems

n critical quantities are

measured

n voltages, currents,

power flows, and the state of circuit breakers and switches

n frequency, generator

  • utputs, and transformer

tap positions

n the measurements are

sent to the control center

n via the telemetry system

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PrevenFve Mechanism

  • ForecasFng and planning (short term, long term)
  • Security analysis against probable failures
  • Human Operator

CorrecFve Mechanism

  • ProtecFon
  • Frequency/ Voltage/ Stability Control
  • Remedial AcFon Schemes/ Special ProtecFon Scheme
  • Wide Area Control
  • System restoraFon
  • Human Operator

Preventive and Corrective Control Mechanism

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Distributed, Coordinated and Hierarchal Fast Scalable Sub-OpFmal Fault-tolerant Supports Big data Supports IoT Centralized Slow Not Scalable OpFmal Prone to failures Local Fast Non-opFmal Hard coded May fail for unexpected

Exis-ng Monitoring and Control Evolving Monitoring and Control

Existing and Evolving Smart Grid Control

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Local Control: Generation Control Loop

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Local Control

Power System Operation

Automatic Control Parameter: Voltage, frequency, power flow Protection Droop Control AVR AGC RAS UFLS

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Centralized Control

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Power System Operation

Situational Awareness Decision Support Regulatory Framework: vertical vs market

  • peration

Timeframe: Second, minutes, hours, day, months Parameter: Voltage, frequency, power flow Geographical: Area, reliability coordinator, Interconnection Ownership: Investor owned, public owned, IPP, co-op Asset: Gen, trans, dist

Centralized Control

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Power System Operation

Situational Awareness

  • SCADA
  • Sensors (CT/PT, PMU,

switch status)

  • RTU, PDC merging units
  • Communication system
  • Data archival, historian
  • State Estimation
  • Control Center Display,
  • rganization
  • Visualization tool
  • Alarm, alerts

Centralized Control

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Power System Operation

Decision Support

  • Real Time

Operational

  • Short Term

Planning

  • Long term

Planning

  • OPF
  • Unit Commitment
  • Economic Dispatch
  • Hydro-Thermal

Scheduling

  • Security Analysis
  • Load and price forecasFng
  • Energy Interchange
  • Market power analysis

Timeframe: Second, minutes, hours, day, months

Centralized Control

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Operator Tasks

Managing an enFty (electricity) that is:

  • Invisible
  • Travels in the speed of light
  • Dangerous/ Fatal
  • Ensuring the reliable delivery of electricity

to customers.

  • Manage the power grid from a set of

computer consoles within a control center.

  • Interact over the phone with field crews,

general personnel, substaFon personnel, and other system operators within their

  • wn uFlity and with neighboring uFliFes.

Interchange Operator - monitoring interchange acFviFes between different balancing areas. Balancing Operator - adequate power generaFon for expected power demand Transmission Operator - transmission switching, monitoring system line loading and voltage condiFons. Reliability Coordinator - stability and reliability of mulFple areas, coordinaFng tasks with mulFple enFFes, and maintain reliability

  • ver such areas.

Market Operators - separated from the reliability-oriented. Purchase or sell current and future energy assets to maximize profits. Understand NERC Standards and constraints Renewable Operator

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Operator Tasks

  • React to alarms, i.e. invesFgate the cause and validity of the alarms and provide

correcFve acFons.

  • Control the staFon and transmission system voltages and ensure the voltage is within

the schedule and specificaFon.

  • Facilitates all scheduled prevenFve maintenance.
  • React to other non-forecasted events, i.e. car colliding with an electric pole that either

resulted in damage to the pole and equipment or the fire department/police department or the city requesFng that we remove from service the cables.

  • Coordinate with generator operators when the units are either coming online or
  • ffline or when there is a need to adjust their loads.
  • Work with engineering when an exisFng equipment or cable is approaching its

capability or exceeded its capability.

  • Prepare conFngency plans for schedule outage, basically evaluate all the “what if

scenarios” and providing correcFve acFon for each scenario.

  • Review impact of proposed schedule outage.
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Evolving Control: Transactive Control

  • Transactive energy is a means of using economic signals
  • r incentives to engage all the intelligent devices in the

power grid from the consumer to the transmission system to get a more optimal allocation of resources and engage demand in ways we haven’t been able to before.

  • Enabled with the communication concepts we get with the

smart grid.

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Transactive Control

  • Respond to system operation moving from deterministic to

stochastic model by fully engaging all resources at all levels

  • Use local conditions and global information
  • Forecast as a feedback and function as incentive
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Transactive Control

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Transactive Control

˜ Transactive control is distributed way to respond to grid needs ˜ Incentive signal can be from big wind farm, transmission

constraints, demand charges, imported energy

˜ Feedback signal can befrom HVAC thermostat, storage PHEV

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Differences Between Reliability and Resiliency

Resiliency

  • Measured in anticipation of some

form of threat

  • Assessed in extreme disturbance

Reliability

  • Measure of operational consistency

and performance in meeting connected customers load

  • Priority of critical loads is

considered

  • No classification of load is

reflected in measurement of reliability

  • Resiliency is an indication of

preparedness of a network to withstand or avert damage coming from outside the power system [like weather]

  • Reliability accounts for sustainable

power lost due to normal

  • perational or equipment damages
  • r external factors. Momentarily
  • utage ignored.
  • No formal metrics
  • SAIDI, SAIFI, MAIFI, etc

Resilient Control

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Weather Impact

  • PowerWorld

Power System Analysis

  • PowerWorld, PSLF

Dynamic Analysis Tool

  • PSS/E

Control System Modeling

  • Hypersim

ProtecFon Modeling Tool

  • CAPE

Cyber Modeling Tool

  • NS-3, DeterLab

ConFngency Modeling Tool Interfacing

Designing Resilient Control

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IEEE Smart Grid Control Vision 2030

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Future EMS and Control

Energy Management System

  • Renewables ... forecasFng & variability

management: StochasFc Control

  • Demand Response & EMS integraFon
  • IntegraFon of EMS with DMS
  • Growth of phasor analysis & VisualizaFon
  • IntegraFng IED data more intelligently
  • UFlizing faster communicaFon
  • Synchronous Fme other than PMU
  • Resiliency Metric and Value in Control
  • Decentralized and Coordinated
  • Fault Tolerant
  • Cyber –resilient, delay aware
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@credcresearch facebook.com/credcresearch/ hlp://cred-c.org

Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security