Signal Optimization and Analysis Using PASSER V-07 Training - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

signal optimization and analysis using passer v 07
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Signal Optimization and Analysis Using PASSER V-07 Training - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Signal Optimization and Analysis Using PASSER V-07 Training Workshop: Code IPR006 Nadeem Chaudhary (n-chaudhary@tamu.edu) Chi-Leung Chu (clchu@tamu.edu) Steve Venglar (s-venglar@tamu.edu) TxDOT Implementation Project 5-5424-01 Product


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Transportation Operations Group

1

Signal Optimization and Analysis Using PASSER V-07

Training Workshop: Code IPR006

Nadeem Chaudhary (n-chaudhary@tamu.edu) Chi-Leung Chu (clchu@tamu.edu) Steve Venglar (s-venglar@tamu.edu)

TxDOT Implementation Project 5-5424-01 Product 5-5424-01-P1

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Session 0: Preliminaries

  • Self Introductions
  • Workshop Objectives
  • Workshop Outline
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S0−Workshop Objectives

  • Learn Use of PASSER V for Analysis

and Optimization of Traffic Signals:

Isolated TWSC Intersections Isolated Signals Arterials and Sub-arterials Isolated Diamond Interchanges Diamonds + Adjacent Signals

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S0−Workshop Outline

  • S1: Introduction to PASSER V

Features Basic Operations

  • S2: Isolated TWSC Intersections

Review of Theory Exercise

  • S3: Isolated Signals

Review of Theory Exercise

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S0−Workshop Outline (continued)

  • S4: Signal Systems

Review of Theory

  • S5: Arterial Analysis

Analyze Simple Arterials Review Additional Features

  • S6: Diamond Interchange Analysis

Additional Discussion Exercise

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S0−Workshop Outline (continued)

  • S7: Diamond and Adjacent Signals

Coordinating Diamond with Adjacent Signals

  • S8: Workshop Conclusion

Question/Answer Session Workshop Survey

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Session 1: Introduction to PASSER V

  • Background
  • Features
  • Input Data Requirements
  • User Interface
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S1−PASSER V Background

  • Funded by TxDOT and TTI
  • Applications

Isolated Signals (Building Blocks) Isolated TWSC Intersections Signalized Arterials Isolated Diamond Interchanges Diamond + Adjacent Signals

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S1−PASSER V Features

  • Graphic User Interface

Multiple Document Architecture

  • Mesoscopic Delay/Traffic Model
  • Can Coordinate Signals to Provide

Maximum Progression Minimum Delay

  • Graphic Time-Space Diagram
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S1−Using PASSER V

  • Draw the Facility
  • Select Intersection or Link
  • Enter Corresponding Data
  • View Signal MOEs
  • Analyze/Optimize Signal Systems

Select and Run Tool View/Print Results

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S1−Tools in PASSER V

  • PASSER II Optimizer
  • PASSER III Optimizer
  • GA-Based Optimizer
  • Time-Space Diagram Generator
  • Volume Analysis
  • Delay Analysis
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S1−PASSER V Limitations

  • Coordination Requires Same Cycle

Length at All Signals

No Double-Cycling or Conditional Service

  • Cannot Handle Following Cases

One-Step Network Optimization All-way Stop-controlled Intersections

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Session 2: Isolated TWSC Intersections

  • Input Data Needs
  • Overview of Theory
  • Isolated Intersection Exercise
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S2−PASSER V Data Needs

  • Turning Movement Counts (TMC)

Collect 15-Minute Data and Calculate PHF AM, PM, and Off-Peak Collect Vehicle Mix Information

  • Intersection Configurations

Number of Lanes, Lane Use, Lane Widths, Turn Bays and Lengths, Median Type, etc.

  • Can Apply Growth Rates to Older Counts

as Long as Traffic Patterns Haven’t Changed

14

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S2−Exercise

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S2−Exercise

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N

  • S. Presa

S.W. Military

AM PM L 113 113 T 85 80 R 45 49 Truck% 8 1 AM PM L 88 149 T 397 676 R 86 147 Truck% 3 1 AM PM L 13 19 T 52 68 R 74 150 Truck% 2 1 AM PM L 24 44 T 386 635 R 16 21 Truck% 3 1

13' 13' 13' 14' 13' 12' 11' Bay is 153' long Bay is 148' long Bay is 126' long Bay is 91' long 11' 11'14' 10' 12' 12' 11'

PM 19 68 150 1 PM 44 635 21 1 PM 113 80 49 1 PM 149 676 147 1

(User Guide, p. 91)

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S2−Gap Acceptance

  • Movement

Ranks

  • Process

Observe Headways Accept Gap

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S2−Channelized Rights

Or

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S2−Two-Stage Process

1 2 Enter Storage Capacity

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S2−Two-Stage Process (continued)

1 2 Enter Storage Capacity

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S2−Flared Approaches

Specify How Many

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S2−Model Parameters

  • Critical Headway
  • Follow-up Time
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Session 3: Isolated Signals

  • Overview of Theory
  • PASSER V Input Data Needs
  • Input Data Considerations
  • Signal Exercise
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S3−PASSER V Data Needs

  • Turning Movement Counts (TMC)

Collect 15-Minute Data and Calculate PHF AM, PM, and Off-Peak Collect Vehicle Mix Information

  • Can Apply Growth Rates to Older

Counts as Long as Traffic Patterns Haven’t Changed

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S3−PASSER V Data Needs

(continued)

  • Number of Lanes
  • Lane Use
  • Lane Widths
  • Turn Bays and Lengths
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S3−Input Considerations

  • Left-turn Treatment

Number of Opposing Lanes Overlapping Turning Paths (may need to split phase) Type of Signal Heads (3, 4, or 5 Section)

  • Pretimed, Semi-actuated, or Fully

Actuated

  • Priority or Preemption
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S3−Performance Data

  • Delay, Stops, Queue Information

for Existing Conditions

  • Collection Can Be Costly
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S3−NEMA Phase Numbering

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S3−Cycle Length vs. Delay and Capacity

Cycle Length Delay/Capacity

Critical Cycle Length, Cc Minimum-Delay Cycle Length, Cm Capacity Delay

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S3−Cycle Length vs. Delay and Stops

Queue Queue

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S3−Cycle Length vs. Delay

Delay Comparison Queue Queue

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S3−Timing Isolated Signals

  • Select Best Timings

Cycle Splits (or max, min, gap setting) Clearance Intervals

  • To Provide

Safe Efficient Operation

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S3−Safety Issues

  • Space Conflicts inside Intersection

Use of Split Phasing

  • Minimum Greens

Based on Driver Expectancy

  • Vehicle Clearance Intervals
  • Pedestrian Requirements
  • Yellow Trap
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S3−Clearance Intervals

  • Proper Settings Avoid a

“Dilemma Zone”

25 35 45 55 65 2.84 3.57 4.31 5.04 5.78 2.18 1.55 1.21 0.99 0.84 Speed mph Yellow Change sec (level grade) Red Clearance sec (60' wide crossing)

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Gp = (4 to 7 seconds) + Distance W

“WALK” Flashing “DON’T WALK” 4 to 7 Distance / W Minimum Pedestrian Time Pedestrians

  • Min. Green

Yellow + All Red Vehicles Minimum Vehicle Time Signal Timing (Minimum Pedestrian Time Controls) “WALK” Flashing “DON’T WALK” Vehicular Green Clearance Yellow + All Red Clearance Yellow + All Red Clearance Location of yellow + all red depends on policy as to allowing pedestrian flashing “DON’T WALK” to occur simultaneously with vehicular clearance.

S3−Pedestrians

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S3−Best Isolated Operation

  • What is Good Operation?

Minimum Delay Shortest Queues per Cycle Minimum Stops Compromised Combination

  • User Decides Based on Situation

Approach Speeds Traffic Counts Driver Perception

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S3−Isolated Signal Exercise

  • Draw an Isolated Signal
  • Enter Data
  • Analyze
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S3−Intersection Data

N

  • S. Presa

S.W. Military

AM PM L 113 113 T 85 80 R 45 49 Truck% 8 1 AM PM L 88 149 T 397 676 R 86 147 Truck% 3 1 AM PM L 13 19 T 52 68 R 74 150 Truck% 2 1 AM PM L 24 44 T 386 635 R 16 21 Truck% 3 1

13' 13' 13' 14' 13' 12' 11' Bay is 153' long Bay is 148' long Bay is 126' long Bay is 91' long 11' 11'14' 10' 12' 12' 11'

S.W. Military at S. Presa, San Antonio, Texas

PM 19 68 150 1 PM 44 635 21 1 PM 113 80 49 1 PM 149 676 147 1

(User Guide, p. 91)

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S3−Data Entry

  • Draw Links
  • Define Lanes
  • Enter PM-peak Volumes

i.e., 149, 676, and 147 for EB

  • Select Movement Type

EB and WB Prot (why?) NB and SB Prot/Perm

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S3−Data Entry (continued)

  • Adjust Right-turn Volumes for

RTOR

  • Overlap (Yes for Lefts)
  • Min Splits

Peds if No Buttons (Assumed)

» NB: 7+ (12+11+12+13+12+11+14)/4 = 28.25 ≈ 29 sec.

EB, WB, NB, SB: 23, 23, 29, 29 Clearance Times

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S3−Data Entry (continued)

  • Adjustments to Flows
  • Trucks
  • Ideal Saturation Flow
  • Click Update Button
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S3−Analysis/Results

  • Delay vs. Cycle Analysis
  • Controller: Ring-Barrier Display
  • MOEs
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Session 4: Signal Systems

  • Overview:

Engineering Theory Analysis Tools

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S4−Flow Stability between Adjacent Systems

Cycle Length Delay

  • Min. Acceptable

System Cycle Length

Signal 3: Highest v/c Ratio Signal 2: Medium v/c Ratio Signal 1: Lowest v/c Ratio

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S4−Signal Offset and Flow between Adjacent Signals

Offset

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S4−Flow vs. Bands

Offset

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S4−Effects of Changes in Offset

Offset +

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S4−Cannot Get Two-way Bands? Change Phasing!

Offset -

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S4−Changing Phasing Can Improve 2-way Progression

Offset -

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G G G G G G Y Y R R R R R R R R R R R R G G G G G G Y Y

S4−Yellow Trap

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S4−Yellow Trap (continued)

G G G G Y Y R R R R G G G G G G Y Y R R R R G G G G G G

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S4−Yellow Trap (continued)

Arlington Phasing

G G G G Y Y R R R R G G G G Y Y R R R R G G G G G G R R

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S4−Timing Adjacent Signals

  • Objectives of Coordination

Provide/Maintain Safety Maintain Stable Flow Minimize Systemwide Delay Minimize Queues and Spillback Maximize System Throughput Minimize Number of Stops Maximize Arterial Progression

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S4−Types of Models

  • Traffic Simulation Model

Evaluates a Specified Scenario Generates Performance Measures

  • Optimization Model

Systematically Generates Scenarios Evaluates Using Simulation Selects the Best Scenario Usually Applicable to Traffic Signals

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S4−Simulation Models

  • Microscopic

Keeps Track of Each Vehicle Time Consuming

  • Mesoscopic

Analyzes Flow Profiles Faster Calculations

  • Macroscopic

Analyzes Platoons Fastest Calculations

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S4−Simulation Models (continued)

  • Microscopic

Keeps Track of Each Vehicle Time Consuming

  • Mesoscopic

Analyzes Flow Profiles Faster Calculations

  • Macroscopic

Analyzes Platoons Fastest Calculations

  • Stochastic
  • Deterministic
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S4−Simulation Accuracy

  • Realistic Queues

Microscopic: CORSIM, Vissim, SimTraffic Mesoscopic: new T7F, PASSER V, Synchro

  • Upward Queue Stack

Mesoscopic: old T7F, S5 and P3 Macroscopic: P2, P4

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S4−Spillback & Starvation

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S4−Blocking and Starvation

R G G

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S4−Blocking and Starvation

(continued)

R R

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S4−Starvation May Not Be Bad (Unused Capacity)

G G

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S4−Optimization Criteria

  • Maximize Arterial Progression
  • Minimize Systemwide Delay
  • Minimize Stops
  • Minimize Queues
  • Maximize Throughput
  • Minimize Blocking and Spillback
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S4−Magnitude of Problem

  • 1. 100 Plans
  • 2. Depends
  • 200, or
  • 10,000 Plans
  • 3. 200 X 64 =

12,800 Plans

Fixed Cycle=100 Sec

1: 3: 2a with Phase Optimization 2:

2-Phase Signals

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S4−Optimization Methods

  • Exhaustive Search
  • Smart Search Techniques

Hill-climbing Heuristic Mathematical Programming Genetic Algorithms

  • Most Signal-Timing Programs Use

a Combination

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S4−Optimization Tool Types

  • Delay-Based

Minimizes Delay (+Qs and Stops) Evaluates/Simulates Each Plan Examples:

» TRANSYT 7F: Exhaustive, Hill-climbing, GA » Synchro: Exhaustive + Heuristic Search » PASSER III: Exhaustive Search » PASSER V: Exhaustive, GA

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S4−Optimization Tool Types

(continued)

  • Bandwidth-Based

Maximizes Arterial Progression

» Simple Objective Function

Simulates Traffic after Optimization Examples:

» PASSER II: Exhaustive and Heuristic » PASSER IV: Mathematical Programming » PASSER V: Exhaustive, Heuristic, GA

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S4−PASSER V Data Needs

  • Signal Spacing
  • Link Speeds
  • Types of Link

Intersection 1 Intersection 2 Stop bar Stop bar

Intersection Spacing (in feet)

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S4−Input Performance Data

  • Speed, Travel Time, or Delay

Information for Existing Conditions

  • May Need to Measure Speed for

Use in PASSER V

  • Can Be Used to Calibrate or

Validate Your Base Model

  • Collection Can Be Costly
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Session 5: Arterial Analysis

  • Arterial Exercise 1

Load and Review Data Apply Various Tools Review/Interpret Output

  • Arterial Exercises 2 and 3

TWSC Intersections Sub-nets Phasing Options Bandwidth-constrained Delay Minimization Adjusting Bands

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S5−Arterial Exercise 1

N

SW Military

AM PM L 63 122 T 231 159 R 78 104 % 2 2

* Assume all lanes at Somerset are 12' wide

3425'

AM PM L 14 43 T 381 705 R 71 73 % 3 2 AM PM L 79 77 T 145 161 R 128 204 % 4 2 AM PM L 246 115 T 610 762 R 18 15 % 2 2 AM PM L 12 19 T 184 128 R 46 80 % 3 4 AM PM L 31 51 T 551 768 R 91 77 % 3 1 AM PM L 9 35 T 179 209 R 27 38 % 4 2 AM PM L 56 101 T 329 615 R 14 10 % 3

New Laredo Highway Somerset

11' 12' 12' 12'

14' 11' 11' 13'

12' 17'11'

16' 14' 12' 11' Bay is 168' long Bay is 140' long Bay is 161' long Bay is 145' long

S.W. Military Drive, San Antonio, Texas

(User Guide, p. 130)

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S5−Performance Measures

71

100 2 × × = C Total Band Efficiency ) ( ) ( B Band A Band Total Band + =

Cycle Length, C Bandwidth

  • n A-direction,

Band(A) Bandwidth on B-direction, Band(B) Shortest green time among all the signals

  • n A-direction, Gmin(A)

Shortest green time among all the signals

  • n B-direction, Gmin(B)

100 ) ( ) (

min min

× + = B G A G Total Band ity Attainabil

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S5−NTCIP Coord Phase

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S5−NTCIP Coord Phase

(continued)

Coordinate Phase: 2

φ 2 φ 1 φ 6 φ 5 φ 2 φ 1 φ 6 φ 5 φ 2 φ 1 φ 6 φ 5

Offset Reference Phase

φ 2 φ 1 φ 5 φ 6

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S5−Offset Adjustments

  • Lead-Lead

Example

  • Lag-Lead

Example

Phase 2 Offset 10 Sec 8 Phase 2 Offset 10 Sec 6 10

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S5−Programming Sequences

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S5−Programming Sequences

(continued)

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S5−Example Phase Sequences

Sequence Name Ring Phase Order Sequence # Eagle/Naztec Lead-Lead 1 1 2 3 4 0/1 2 5 6 7 8 Lag-Lead 1 1 2 3 4 1/2 2 6 5 7 8 Lead-Lag 1 2 1 3 4 2/3 2 5 6 7 8 Lag-Lag 1 2 1 3 4 3/4 2 6 5 7 8

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S5−How Genetic Algorithm (GA) Works

  • Randomly Generate Population
  • Perform Reproduction Operation

Select Pairs/Parents and Generate Offspring

  • Evaluate Each Using Simulation

Note Population Has Doubled

Parents Offspring

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S5−How GA Works (continued)

  • Keep Best Half of New Population
  • Perform Mutation Operation

Parents Offspring

Next Generation

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S5−How GA Works (continued)

  • Stop If

No Improvement Possible or Maximum Generations Reached Report the Best Plan

  • Else

Repeat Process

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S5−Arterial Exercise 2

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S5−More Theory

  • Handling of TWSC Intersections on

Arterial

Upstream Signals

» Platoon Dispersion

Handling in Various Tools

» PASSER II » Other Tools (Except P3)

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S5−Arterial Exercise 3

SH 71, Bastrop, Texas

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Cycle Length Bandwidth 25 30 35 40 45 50 Efficiency Total Band (sec) Total Efficiency (%)

S5−Bandwidth vs. Efficiency

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 Total Band (sec) Total Efficiency (%) Total Attainability (%)

  • Avg. Delay (sec/veh)

S5−Delay and Attainability

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 Total Band (sec) Total Efficiency (%) Total Attainability (%)

  • Avg. Delay (sec/veh)

S5−Tradeoffs in Performance

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Session 6: Diamond Interchange Analysis

  • Background and Operational Issues
  • Diamond Exercise

Create Interchange Apply Optimization Tools and View Output

» PASSER III » GA-Based Optimizer

  • Apply Other Tools

Volume Analysis Time-Space Diagram Delay Analysis

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S6−Background on Diamonds

  • Two Closely Spaced Intersections
  • Flow Characteristics Very Different

from Arterials

Significant Turning Traffic

  • Types

Conventional (More than 800 ft) Compressed (400-800 ft) Tight (Less than 400 ft)

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S6−Background on Diamonds

(continued)

  • Often Experience Operational

Problems

  • Capacity Dependent on

Splits at Both Intersections Queuing and Spillback

  • TxDOT/Texas Diamond Controller

Basic Three-Phase TTI Four-Phase Separate Intersection Mode

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S6−NEMA Phase Numbering

φ2 Overlap A (φ1 + φ2) φ5 φ1 φ8 φ6 φ4 φ3 φ7 φX - NEMA Phase Left Side Frontage/Ramp Right Side Frontage/Ramp Crossing Arterial Overlap B (φ5 +φ6)

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S6−Three-Phase Operation

Lag-Lag

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S6−Four-Phase Operation

  • Lead-Lead

Phasing

  • Phase Times

and Offset Calculated Simultaneously

  • Needs Longer

Cycle

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S6−Other Options

  • Separate Intersection Control

under Diamond Mode

Restricted to Lead-Lead Phasing Can Provide Ring-lag/Offset

  • User Programmed Mode

Difficult Programming Flexibility of Operation

  • Use Two Controllers
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S6−Phasing Selection Guidelines

  • Conventional Diamonds

Three-Phase Four-Phase Not Recommended

  • Compressed Diamonds

Three-Phase with Short Cycle Four-Phase

  • Tight Diamonds

Four-Phase Three-Phase for Light Traffic

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S6−Diamond Exercise

Protected + 720 ft Harvey Rd. SH 6 (East Bypass)

  • Speed = 40 mph
  • Bay Length = 300 ft
  • All lanes 12 ft

Permitted Protected Only

N

(User Guide, p. 119)

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S6−Data Entry/Analysis

  • Draw Links/Define Interchange
  • Load Data
  • Select Tool and Analyze
  • Review Results
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S6−More Tools in PASSER V

  • Volume Analysis
  • Time-Space Diagram
  • Delay Analysis
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Session 7: Diamond and Adjacent Signals

  • Exercise Using Existing Data
  • Apply Various Tools
  • Review Output
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S7−SH 195 Data

Interchange

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Session 8: Workshop Conclusion

  • Additional Topics and QA Session

Any Features Not Covered Networks

  • Survey

Tell Us How We Did Feedback about PASSER V