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●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ✸r❞ ❆❣r❡❡♥❙❦✐❧❧s ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

▼② ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✲ ✷✵✵✹✳✳✷✵✶✷ ❱❡t❡r✐♥❛r② ❉❡❣r❡❡ ◮ ❊❝♦❧❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❱étér✐♥❛✐r❡ ❞❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡ ◮ ❚❤❡s✐s✿ ●❡♥❡t✐❝s ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ s❤❡❡♣ ▼s❝ ✐♥ ❆♥✐♠❛❧ ●❡♥❡t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❜r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ◮ ❆❣r♦♣❛r✐t❡❝❤✱ P❛r✐s ◮ ❚❤❡s✐s✿ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❤❡❡♣ t♦ ❙✳ ❛❜♦rt✉s♦✈✐s P❤❉✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té ❞❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡ ◮ ❉✐ss❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❤❡❡♣ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❣❛str♦✲✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ♥❡♠❛t♦❞❡s ◮ ◗❚▲ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ✺✵❑ ❙◆P ❝❤✐♣ ❞❛t❛ ◮ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ◗❚▲ r❡❣✐♦♥ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

❈✉rr❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✲ ✷✵✶✷✳✳♦♥✇❛r❞ ●❛str♦✲✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ♥❡♠❛t♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❧✐✈❡st♦❝❦ ◮ ➾✽✼▼ ❝♦sts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❑❀ ✩✷✷✻▼ ✐♥ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛ ◮ ❖♥❧② ✸ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t✐❝ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ◮ ❘❡s✐st❛♥t ✐s♦❧❛t❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ◮ ❘❡s✐st❛♥t ✐s♦❧❛t❡s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st ◮ ❇❡tt❡r ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞r✉❣s ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞ r❡❧❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶ ◮ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ ❤♦st r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ◮ ◆♦✈❡❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✦ ◮ P❛st✉r❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ◮ ❊①♣❧♦r✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛s✐t❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❡s ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

❆❣r❡❡♥❙❦✐❧❧s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❇r✐♥❣✐♥❣ ❣❡♥♦♠✐❝s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✜❣❤t ❛❣❛✐♥st ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ◮ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❡ r❡❧❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶ ✭▲❛✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✶✮ ◮ P❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙❛♥❣❡r ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✭❏❛♠❡s ❈♦tt♦♥✱ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥ t❡❛♠✮ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✶✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ●❡♥❡t✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ◮ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐③❡ ◆❡ ◮ ❊①t❡♥t ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❞✐s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ ◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ✐s♦❧❛t❡s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ◮ ❘❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ♦✉t ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❄ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✶✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② France  19 isolates = 11 countries Acore s  + 6 regions in France  + 2 isolates in S-A Morocco French West  Additional input from Mauritania Indies Pakistan, UK & Canada Benin Brazil Cape Zaire Verde Sao Tome Indonesia Namibia Australia South-Africa Unknown resistance status Susceptible isolate Resistant isolate ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✶✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ●❡♥❡t✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ◮ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐③❡ ◆❡ ◮ ❊①t❡♥t ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❞✐s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ ◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ✐s♦❧❛t❡s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ◮ ❘❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ♦✉t ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❄ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ◮ ❆♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t✐❝ ✉s❡ ✭❛r❡❛s ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✇ ♦r ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✮ ◮ ●♦❛t ✈s✳ s❤❡❡♣ ◮ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙◆P ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❛❝r♦ss ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❄ ◮ P♦♦❧✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❄ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✷✿ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❧❡✈❛♠✐s♦❧❡ ❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ▲❡✈❛♠✐s♦❧❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ Amplification BR ISE F1 ISE ◮ ■♥tr♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡ Amplification + ISE LEVAMISOLE ◮ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣❛r❡♥t❛❧ ❧✐♥❡s ISE 50% ISE x BR 50% x2 matings ✭❙ ✰ ❘✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❣r❡ss❡❞ LEV selected ISE x BR ISE 80% ISE x BR 20% ❧✐♥❡ x4 matings LEV selected ISE 50% ISE x BR 50% • ◮ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ● st Resistant line = Borgsteede • x2 Same selection scheme for Kokstad • LEV selected Levamisole selection only ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ Introgressed line ✐♥tr♦❣r❡ss❡❞ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ✦ ◮ ❙❛♥❣❡r t❡❛♠ ✶✸✸ ✭▼✳ ❇❡rr✐♠❛♥✱ ❏✳ ❈♦tt♦♥✮ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❆❣r❡❡♥❙❦✐❧❧s ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❢♦r ❢✉♥❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é ●❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺