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• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝

r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

✸r❞ ❆❣r❡❡♥❙❦✐❧❧s ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

▼② ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✲ ✷✵✵✹✳✳✷✵✶✷

❱❡t❡r✐♥❛r② ❉❡❣r❡❡

◮ ❊❝♦❧❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❱étér✐♥❛✐r❡ ❞❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡ ◮ ❚❤❡s✐s✿ ●❡♥❡t✐❝s ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ s❤❡❡♣

▼s❝ ✐♥ ❆♥✐♠❛❧ ●❡♥❡t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❜r❡❡❞✐♥❣

◮ ❆❣r♦♣❛r✐t❡❝❤✱ P❛r✐s ◮ ❚❤❡s✐s✿ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❤❡❡♣ t♦ ❙✳ ❛❜♦rt✉s♦✈✐s

P❤❉✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té ❞❡ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡

◮ ❉✐ss❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❤❡❡♣ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❣❛str♦✲✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ♥❡♠❛t♦❞❡s ◮ ◗❚▲ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ✺✵❑ ❙◆P ❝❤✐♣ ❞❛t❛ ◮ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ◗❚▲ r❡❣✐♦♥

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

❈✉rr❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✲ ✷✵✶✷✳✳♦♥✇❛r❞

• ❛str♦✲✐♥t❡st✐♥❛❧ ♥❡♠❛t♦❞❡s

✐♥ ❧✐✈❡st♦❝❦

◮ ➾✽✼▼ ❝♦sts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❑❀

✩✷✷✻▼ ✐♥ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛

◮ ❖♥❧② ✸ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t✐❝ ❝❧❛ss❡s

❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡

◮ ❘❡s✐st❛♥t ✐s♦❧❛t❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞

t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞

◮ ❘❡s✐st❛♥t ✐s♦❧❛t❡s ❛❧r❡❛❞②

❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞ r❡❧❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶

◮ ◆♦✈❡❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s

r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✦

■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t

◮ ❇❡tt❡r ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞r✉❣s ◮ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ ❤♦st r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ◮ P❛st✉r❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ◮ ❊①♣❧♦r✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛s✐t❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❡s

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

❆❣r❡❡♥❙❦✐❧❧s ♣r♦❥❡❝t

❇r✐♥❣✐♥❣ ❣❡♥♦♠✐❝s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✜❣❤t ❛❣❛✐♥st ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

◮ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❡ r❡❧❡❛s❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✶ ✭▲❛✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✶✮ ◮ P❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙❛♥❣❡r ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✭❏❛♠❡s ❈♦tt♦♥✱ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥

t❡❛♠✮

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✶✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❞✐✈❡rs✐t②

• ❡♥❡t✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s

◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ◮ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐③❡ ◆❡ ◮ ❊①t❡♥t ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❞✐s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ ◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ✐s♦❧❛t❡s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ◮ ❘❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ♦✉t ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❄

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✶✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❞✐✈❡rs✐t②

Acore s Cape Verde France Morocco Mauritania Benin Sao Tome Zaire Namibia South-Africa French West Indies Brazil Indonesia Australia Unknown resistance status Susceptible isolate Resistant isolate

 19 isolates = 11 countries  + 6 regions in France  + 2 isolates in S-A  Additional input from

Pakistan, UK & Canada

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✶✿ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❞✐✈❡rs✐t②

• ❡♥❡t✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s

◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✲♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ◮ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐③❡ ◆❡ ◮ ❊①t❡♥t ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❞✐s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ ◮ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ✐s♦❧❛t❡s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ◮ ❘❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ♦✉t ♦❢ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ❄

❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥s

◮ ❆♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t✐❝ ✉s❡ ✭❛r❡❛s ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✇ ♦r ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✮ ◮ ●♦❛t ✈s✳ s❤❡❡♣ ◮ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙◆P ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❛❝r♦ss ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❄ ◮ P♦♦❧✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❍✳❝♦♥t♦rt✉s ❄

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

P❛rt✷✿ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❧❡✈❛♠✐s♦❧❡

❉❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ▲❡✈❛♠✐s♦❧❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡

◮ ■♥tr♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡ ◮ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣❛r❡♥t❛❧ ❧✐♥❡s

✭❙ ✰ ❘✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❣r❡ss❡❞ ❧✐♥❡

◮ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ●st

❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✐♥tr♦❣r❡ss❡❞ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s

ISE BR F1 ISE Amplification + LEVAMISOLE ISE Amplification ISE x BR ISE x BR 50% ISE 50% ISE x BR 20% ISE 80% x2 matings LEV selected x4 matings LEV selected ISE x BR 50% ISE 50% x2 LEV selected Introgressed line

• Resistant line = Borgsteede
• Same selection scheme for Kokstad
• Levamisole selection only
• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺

❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ✦

◮ ❙❛♥❣❡r t❡❛♠ ✶✸✸ ✭▼✳ ❇❡rr✐♠❛♥✱ ❏✳ ❈♦tt♦♥✮ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❆❣r❡❡♥❙❦✐❧❧s ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❢♦r ❢✉♥❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t

• ✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❙❛❧❧é
• ❡♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥t❤❡❧♠✐♥t❤✐❝ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❍✳ ❝♦♥t♦rt✉s

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✺