s tss P - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶

Feb 27, 2023 112 likes •1.15k views

s tss P t ss ss trs Ps s

SLIDE 1

❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✐♥ ▲❡ss ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ❙t❛♥❢♦r❞ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✷✵✶✻ ❯◆❯✲❲■❉❊❘ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ●r♦✇t❤

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶

SLIDE 2

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

♦♦❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐s ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛ss❡t✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ ❧❡ss ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞

❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

♠❛♥② ♣❡♦♣❧❡ r❡❧② ♦♥ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ ♦r ♦t❤❡r ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ s❡❧❢✲❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ s✐❝❦✱ ❝❛♥♥♦t ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

♦♦❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ✐ts❡❧❢

❇❡♥❡✜t ❢r♦♠ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉❜s✐❞② ✭ds✮ ❡①❝❡❡❞s ❝♦sts ✐❢✿ usemar · (bmar · zDALY ) > (takemar · s + takeinf · ds) · λ ■❢ usemar < takemar ⇒ s✉❜s✐❞② ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥❞✉❝❡s s♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❜✉t t❤❡② ❡♥❞ ✉♣ ♥♦t ✉s✐♥❣ ✐t ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡❧② ■❢ bmar ❧♦✇ ⇒ s✉❜s✐❞② ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❧♦✇✲r❡t✉r♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ✐♥♣✉t ■❢ takeinf ❤✐❣❤ ⇒ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦st ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ✭r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞② ❧❡✈❡❧✮ r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡s❡ ✐ss✉❡s✱ ❜✉t ♠❛② r❡❞✉❝❡ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧②

❯❧t✐♠❛t❡❧②✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐s ❛♥ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✭❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡①t✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝✮

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✵

SLIDE 32

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ Pr✐❝❡ ❛s ❛ s❝r❡❡♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧❄ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡

❉♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ t❛❦❡rs ✉s❡ s✉❜s✐❞✐③❡❞ ✐♥♣✉ts❄

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✶

SLIDE 33

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ Pr✐❝❡ ❛s ❛ s❝r❡❡♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧❄ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡

❙t✉❞② ✶✿ ❇❡❞ ♥❡ts ✭❈♦❤❡♥ ✫ ❉✉♣❛s✱ ◗❏❊ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ✷✵✵✻ Pr❡❣♥❛♥t ✇♦♠❡♥ ✷✲♠♦ ✉s❛❣❡ ❇❡❞♥❡t

.2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 10Ksh 20Ksh 40Ksh Acquired ITN 95% CI Acquired ITN and Using it 95% CI

❙t✉❞② ✷ ✭❉✉♣❛s✱ ❊❈▼❆ ✷✵✶✹✮ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ✷✵✵✼ ❍♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ✶✲②❡❛r ✉s❛❣❡ ❇❡❞♥❡t

.2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 40-70 70-100 110-150 160-200 >200 Price of ITN Acquired ITN 95% CI Acquired ITN and Using it (1-year) 95% CI

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✷

SLIDE 34

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ Pr✐❝❡ ❛s ❛ s❝r❡❡♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧❄ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡

❙t✉❞② ✸ ✭❉✉♣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ✷✵✵✽ ▼♦t❤❡rs ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✹✲♠♦ ✉s❛❣❡ ❲❛t❡r P✉r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❞✉❝t ✭❈❤❧♦r✐♥❡✮

.2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 10Ksh 20Ksh Acquired Product 95% CI Verified usage (2-mo) 95% CI

❙t✉❞② ✹ ✭❈♦❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✱ ❆❊❘ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ✷✵✶✵ ❍♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ❆♥t✐✲♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧ tr❡❛♠❡♥t ✭❆❈❚✮

92 88 80 None

Subsidy level (percent) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Admin. data

Endline data

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✸

SLIDE 35

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ ❉♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ✉s❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦✇❡r r❡t✉r♥s❄

❉♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ✉s❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦✇❡r r❡t✉r♥s❄

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✹

SLIDE 36

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ ❉♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ✉s❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦✇❡r r❡t✉r♥s❄

❙t✉❞② ✶ ✭❈♦❤❡♥ ✫ ❉✉♣❛s ✷✵✶✵✮ ❑❡♥②❛ Pr❡❣♥❛♥t ✇♦♠❡♥ ✷✲♠♦ ✉s❛❣❡ ❆♥❡♠✐❛ ❘❛t❡ ♦❢ ❚❛❦❡rs

.2 .4 .6 .8 FREE 10Ksh 20Ksh 40Ksh Price of ITN Anemic 95% CI Acquired ITN and Using it 95% CI

❙t✉❞② ✷ ✭❉✉♣❛s✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ❑❡♥②❛ ❍♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ✶✲②❡❛r ✉s❛❣❡ Pr✐♦r ❜❡❞♥❡t ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❚❛❦❡rs

.2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 40-70 70-100 110-150 160-200 >200 Price of ITN Baseline ITN coverage rate 95% CI Acquired ITN and Using it (1-year) 95% CI

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✺

SLIDE 37

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ ❉♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ✉s❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦✇❡r r❡t✉r♥s❄

❙t✉❞② ✸ ✭❉✉♣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❑❡♥②❛ ▼♦t❤❡rs ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✹✲♠♦ ✉s❛❣❡ ❉✐❛rr❤❡❛ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❚❛❦❡rs

.2 .4 .6 FREE 10Ksh 20Ksh Child diarrhea at baseline 95% CI Verified usage (2-mo) 95% CI

❙t✉❞② ✹ ✭❈♦❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ✷✵✶✵ ❍♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s

❆❈❚

▼❛❧❛r✐❛ st❛t✉s ♦❢ ❚❛❦❡rs

.5 .6 .7 .8 .9

92% 88% 80%

Subsidy Level Mean 95% CI Share Malaria Positive

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✻

SLIDE 38

❚❛❦❡✲✉♣ ❉♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ✉s❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦✇❡r r❡t✉r♥s❄

❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦♥t❡①ts ✴ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts

■♥ ♠♦st ♦t❤❡r ❡①✐st✐♥❣ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ♣r✐❝❡ ❛❧s♦ ❛♣♣❡❛rs ❛ ♣♦♦r t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ t♦♦❧✿ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ t❛❦❡rs ❞♦ ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦✇❡r ✉s❛❣❡ ♦r ❧♦✇❡r r❡t✉r♥s

❚❤♦s❡ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❜✉② ❞❡✇♦r♠✐♥❣ ♠❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❑❡♥②❛ ❞♦♥✬t ❤❛✈❡ ♠♦r❡ ✇♦r♠s ✭❑r❡♠❡r ❛♥❞ ▼✐❣✉❡❧✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❚❤♦s❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❲❚P ❢♦r ✇❛t❡r ✜❧t❡rs ✐♥ ●❤❛♥❛ ❞♦♥✬t s❡❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❞r♦♣ ✐♥ ❞✐❛rr❤❡❛ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✉s✐♥❣ ✜❧t❡r ✭❇❡rr②✱ ❋✐s❝❤❡r✱ ●✉✐t❡r❛s✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ❙❛♠❡ ❢♦r ✢✐♣✲✢♦♣s ✐♥ ❑❡♥②❛✱ s♦❛♣ ❛♥❞ ✈✐t❛♠✐♥s ✐♥ ❯❣❛♥❞❛✱ ●✉❛t❡♠❛❧❛ ❛♥❞ ■♥❞✐❛ ✭▼❡r❡❞✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ❆s❤r❛❢✱ ❇❡rr② ❛♥❞ ❙❤❛♣✐r♦ ✭❆❊❘ ✷✵✶✵✮✿ ❩❛♠❜✐❛✱ ✇❛t❡r ♣✉r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✭❝❤❧♦r✐♥❡✮

s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♣r✐❝❡s✱ ❜✉t s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✇❡❛❧t❤✱ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✼

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✽

SLIDE 45

❖r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

❚♦❞❛②✬s ❖✉t❧✐♥❡

✶ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ s✐❞❡✿ ❙❡❧❢✲❙❝r❡❡♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ✶

Pr✐❝❡

✷

◆♦♥✲♠♦♥❡t❛r② ❝♦st ✭✏♦r❞❡❛❧✑✮

✷ ❙✉♣♣❧② s✐❞❡✿ Pr♦✈✐❞❡r ❛❣❡♥❝② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ✐♥ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r②

▲♦❝❛❧ ❈❛♣t✉r❡ ✈s✳ ▲♦❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✶✾

SLIDE 46

❖r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✉s❡❞ t♦ t❛r❣❡t r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦♦r ✭◆✐❝❤♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❩❡❝❦❤❛✉s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✷❀ P❛rs♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❆❧❛t❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮❀ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘✉r❛❧ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ●✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ s❝❤❡♠❡ ✐♥ ■♥❞✐❛ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜t✱ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❡ ♦r❞❡❛❧ ♠✉st t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡❀ ♠❛② ✐♠♣♦s❡ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ❝♦st ❋♦r ♠❛♥② ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✭❡✳❣✳ ❝❤❧♦r✐♥❡✮✱ ❜❡♥❡✜t t♦ ♥♦♥✲❤❡❛❧t❤ ✉s❡rs ✐s ✈❡r② s♠❛❧❧✱ s♦ ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ♦r❞❡❛❧ ♠❛② ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✷✵

SLIDE 47

❖r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✉s❡❞ t♦ t❛r❣❡t r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦♦r ✭◆✐❝❤♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❩❡❝❦❤❛✉s❡r✱ ✶✾✽✷❀ P❛rs♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❆❧❛t❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮❀ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘✉r❛❧ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ●✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ s❝❤❡♠❡ ✐♥ ■♥❞✐❛ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜t✱ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❡ ♦r❞❡❛❧ ♠✉st t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡❀ ♠❛② ✐♠♣♦s❡ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ❝♦st ❋♦r ♠❛♥② ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✭❡✳❣✳ ❝❤❧♦r✐♥❡✮✱ ❜❡♥❡✜t t♦ ♥♦♥✲❤❡❛❧t❤ ✉s❡rs ✐s ✈❡r② s♠❛❧❧✱ s♦ ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ♦r❞❡❛❧ ♠❛② ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✷✵

SLIDE 48

❆❧s♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦♥✲❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ♦❢ t❛❦❡ ✉♣ ❛t ❢✉❧❧ ♣r✐❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ s✉r✈❡② ▼✐❝r♦✲♦r❞❡❛❧✿ ✶✷ ❞❛t❡❞ ❝♦✉♣♦♥s ❢♦r ❢r❡❡ ✶✲♠♦♥t❤ s✉♣♣❧② ❡❛❝❤✳ ❈♦✉♣♦♥s r❡❞❡❡♠❛❜❧❡ ❛t ♥❡❛r❜② s❤♦♣✳

❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ s❤♦♣ ✸✳✾ ❦♠ ❋♦r ✷✷✪ ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts s❤♦♣ ✇❛s ✐♥ ♥❡❛r❡st ♠❛r❦❡t ❝❡♥t❡r

❋r❡❡ ❉❡❧✐✈❡r②✿ ✶✲②❡❛r s✉♣♣❧② ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t✇♦ ✐♥st❛❧❧♠❡♥ts ✭❝❧✐♥✐❝ ✈✐s✐t✱ t❤❡♥ ❤♦♠❡ ✈✐s✐t✮

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✷✷

SLIDE 53

❖r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

❈♦✉♣♦♥ ♠✐❝r♦✲♦r❞❡❛❧

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1 Fraction of coupons redeemed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Coupon number (= months since distribution)

❈❛♥ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t✱ ❝♦st ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝②

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s

■❞❡♥t✐❢② r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r s♣❛❝❡ ✭♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✬s ✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜t✱ ✉t✐❧✐t② ❝♦st ♦❢ ♦r❞❡❛❧✮ ♦✈❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐s ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❋♦r ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❉❆▲❨ ❛♥❞ ♦r❞❡❛❧ ❝♦st✱ ✶✵✵✪ s✉❜s✐❞② ✇✐t❤ ♠✐❝r♦✲♦r❞❡❛❧ ✐s ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ♥♦ s✉❜s✐❞②✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✺✵✪ ❛♥❞ ✶✵✵✪ s✉❜s✐❞② ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r②

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✷✼

SLIDE 60

❖r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

Pr❡❢❡rr❡❞ P♦❧✐❝②

100% subsidy with delivery PSI price 100% subsidy with micro-

rdeal

❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤❡ ♦r❞❡❛❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t♦♦ ❝♦st❧② ✭❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✱ ❡✳❣✳ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❞✉❝t t❤❛t ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❡♠❜❛rr❛ss❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ st♦r❡✮ ❛♥❞ ✐t r❡❞✉❝❡s t❛❦❡✲✉♣ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② ❡✈❡♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❤✐❣❤✲r❡t✉r♥ ❢♦❧❦s

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✷✾

SLIDE 66

❖r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠

▼❛❝r♦✲♦r❞❡❛❧✳✳✳

Pr♦❞✉❝t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✿ ▼❛❧❡ ❈♦♥❞♦♠s

0.01 0.98 0.52 0.15 0.99 0.85 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Redeemed at least one voucher Took at least some Took all 150 condoms Adolescent Girls Adolescent Boys

VOUCHER SCHEME

(2008)

HOME DELIVERY

(2009) P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✵

SLIDE 67

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥

❚♦❞❛②✬s ❖✉t❧✐♥❡

✶ ❚❛❦❡✲✉♣✿ ❙❡❧❢✲❙❝r❡❡♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ✶

Pr✐❝❡

✷

❛♥❡❝❞♦t❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥② ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ♦❢ s✐❞❡ ♣❛②♠❡♥t r❡q✉❡sts ❢♦r ❢r❡❡ ❞r✉❣s✴s❡r✈✐❝❡s

❙❤✐r❦✐♥❣ ❜② ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs✴❛❣❡♥ts✿

❉❛s✬s ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ■♥❞✐❛✱ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞✬s ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ❚❛♥③❛♥✐❛ ❈❤❛✉❞❤✉r② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✿ ❛❜s❡♥t❡❡✐s♠ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❇❛♥❡r❥❡❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❯❞❛✐♣✉r✿ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤ st❛✛ ❝❛✉s❡s ❢✉❧❧ ✐♠♠✉♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ t♦ ❞r♦♣ ❢r♦♠ ✷✸✪ t♦ ✶✵✪

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✷

SLIDE 71

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❉✐③♦♥✲❘♦ss✱ ❉✉♣❛s✱ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✺✮

❋♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❲❍❖✲r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ♦❢ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♥❣ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥t✐♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧ ❜❡❞ ♥❡ts ✭▲▲■◆s✮ t♦ ♣r❡❣♥❛♥t ✇♦♠❡♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛♥t❡♥❛t❛❧ ❝❧✐♥✐❝s ✭❆◆❈s✮ ❆✉❞✐t❡❞ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✿

❤❛♥❛✱ ✼✷ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❡♥t❡rs ✭❚■ r❛♥❦✿ ✻✹✴✶✼✽✮

❑❡♥②❛✱ ✹✽ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❡♥t❡rs ✭❚■ r❛♥❦✿ ✶✸✾✴✶✼✽ ❯❣❛♥❞❛✱ ✹✽ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❡♥t❡rs ✭❚■ r❛♥❦✿ ✶✸✵✴✶✼✽✮

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✸

SLIDE 72

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❉✐③♦♥✲❘♦ss✱ ❉✉♣❛s✱ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✺✮

❋♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❲❍❖✲r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ♦❢ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♥❣ ❢r❡❡ ❛♥t✐♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧ ❜❡❞ ♥❡ts ✭▲▲■◆s✮ t♦ ♣r❡❣♥❛♥t ✇♦♠❡♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛♥t❡♥❛t❛❧ ❝❧✐♥✐❝s ✭❆◆❈s✮ ❆✉❞✐t❡❞ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✿

❤❛♥❛✱ ✼✷ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❡♥t❡rs ✭❚■ r❛♥❦✿ ✻✹✴✶✼✽✮

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

▲❡❛❦❛❣❡ ♦r ❊✣❝✐❡♥t ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣❄

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✻

SLIDE 79

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

▲❡❛❦❛❣❡ ♦r ❊✣❝✐❡♥t ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣❄

❉❡♣✳ ❱❛r✿ ■♥❡❧✐❣✐❜❧❡ ✏▼②st❡r② ❈❧✐❡♥t✑ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣❡t ❛ ❢r❡❡ ♥❡t

Requested for pregnant woman 0.012 [0.023] Requested for child 0.18* [0.045] If asked, said that had child 0.11 [0.047] MC signaled that educated 0.0077 [0.016] Healthworker female

0.012

[0.022] Health facility Fixed effects X Observations 683 R-Squared 0.402 Mean of the Dependent Variable 0.0378

Notes. Standard errors in brackets, clustered at the level of the h

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✼

SLIDE 80

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❘❡s✉❧t ✷✿ ❋❛✐r❧② ❍✐❣❤ ❈♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❊❧✐❣✐❜❧❡s✱ ♥♦ ❡①t♦rt✐♦♥

0.74 0.79 0.01 0.90 0.91 0.63 0.66 0.03 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Received Net at first visit Received Net (any visit) Asked to pay for net

Ghana Kenya Uganda

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✽

SLIDE 81

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❊rr♦rs ♦❢ ❡①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦r ❊✣❝✐❡♥t ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣❄

❉❡♣✳ ❱❛r✿ Pr❡❣♥❛♥t ✇♦♠❛♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❢r❡❡ ♥❡t ❛t ✜rst ♣r❡♥❛t❛❧ ✈✐s✐t✱ ❛s ♣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠ r✉❧❡✿

Panel A. Dependent Variable: Received net - visi Years of education

0.0068**

[0.0030] Health facility Fixed effects X Observations 2,028 R-Squared 0.357

Dep. Var. Mean

0.762

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✸✾

SLIDE 82

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ❘❡s✉❧ts

❱❡r② ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧❡❛❦❛❣❡ ◆♦ ❡①t♦rt✐♦♥✱ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❧✐❣✐❜❧❡s ❙✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ❢♦r ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ r✉❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ❢♦r ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✐❡s✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✇♦r❦❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❧✐❡❞ ✉♣♦♥

❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜ts t♦ t❛r❣❡t❡❞ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛❧❧② ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r t❤♦s❡

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✵

SLIDE 83

❉❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ❘❡s✉❧ts

❱❡r② ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧❡❛❦❛❣❡ ◆♦ ❡①t♦rt✐♦♥✱ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❧✐❣✐❜❧❡s ❙✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ❢♦r ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ r✉❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ❢♦r ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✐❡s✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✇♦r❦❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❧✐❡❞ ✉♣♦♥

❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜ts t♦ t❛r❣❡t❡❞ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛❧❧② ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r t❤♦s❡

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✵

SLIDE 84

✷

❧❡❛❦❛❣❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞

✸

❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✐❡s ♦❢ s✉❜s✐❞✐③❡❞ ✐♥♣✉ts✴♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♠✉st ♣✉t t❤❡♠ t♦ ✭❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡✮ ✉s❡

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✶

SLIDE 88

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

Pr✐❝❡ ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ t♦♦ ❜❧✉♥t ❛ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s ✇❤❡r❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛r❡ ♣♦♦r ❛♥❞ ❝r❡❞✐t ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞

❚♦♦ ♠❛♥② ❡①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❡rr♦rs ✇❤❡♥ s✉❜s✐❞② ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐s ❧♦✇ ■❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜s✐❞② ❧❡✈❡❧ t❤❛t ♦♣t✐♠❛❧❧② ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡s r✐s❦ ♦❢ ❡①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r✐s❦ ♦❢ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❡rr♦rs r❡q✉✐r❡s ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✐t ✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t s♣❡❝✐✜❝

■♥ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♥t❡①ts ✴ ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✭✇❛t❡r ♣✉r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ✏♦r❞❡❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✑ ❛❧♦♥❣s✐❞❡ ❢✉❧❧ s✉❜s✐❞② ❝❛♥ r❡❞✉❝❡ ✇❛st❛❣❡ ♦❢ s✉❜s✐❞✐③❡❞ ✐♥♣✉ts ♦♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s ❆❣❡♥❝② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② s✐③❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ✜rst ♦r❞❡r ❢♦r ♣r♦❞✉❝ts t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♠♣❛❝t ❛♥❞ ❡❛s② t♦ t❛r❣❡t ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❢r❡❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❡❞ ♥❡ts t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t s✉❜✲❙❛❤❛r❛♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ♦✈❡r ♣❛st ✶✵ ②❡❛rs ✭❘♦❧❧ ❇❛❝❦ ▼❛❧❛r✐❛✮ ❤❛s ❧❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r✲✺ ♠♦rt❛❧✐t② ✭❈♦❣♥❡❛✉ ❛♥❞ ❘♦ss✐✱ ✷✵✶✻✮

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✷

SLIDE 89

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❈✐t❡❞

❆s❤r❛❢✱ ◆✳✱ ❏✳ ❇❡rr② ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❙❤❛♣✐r♦ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✏❈❛♥ ❍✐❣❤❡r Pr✐❝❡s ❙t✐♠✉❧❛t❡ Pr♦❞✉❝t ❯s❡❄ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❩❛♠❜✐❛✳✑ ❆❊❘✳ ❇❡rr②✱ ❏✳✱ ●✳ ❋✐s❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ●✉✐t❡r❛s ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✏❊❧✐❝✐t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❯t✐❧✐③✐♥❣ ❲✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss t♦ P❛②✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❚r✐❛❧s ✐♥ ◆♦rt❤❡r♥ ●❤❛♥❛✑✳ ▼✐♠❡♦✳ ❈♦❤❡♥✱ ❏✳ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❉✉♣❛s ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✏❋r❡❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦r ❈♦st✲❙❤❛r✐♥❣❄ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ♠❛❧❛r✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳✑ ◗❏❊✳ ❈♦❤❡♥✱ ❏✳✱ P✳ ❉✉♣❛s ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❙❝❤❛♥❡r ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ✏Pr✐❝❡ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s✱ ❉✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝ ❚❡sts✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛❧❛r✐❛ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t✳✑ ❆❊❘✳ ❉✉♣❛s✱ P✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✏❲❤❛t ♠❛tt❡rs ✭❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t✮ ✐♥ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥ ♠❛❧❛r✐❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥❄✑✱ ❆❊❘ P✫P✳ ❉✉♣❛s✱ P✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✏❙❤♦rt✲❘✉♥ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ ▲♦♥❣✲❘✉♥ ❆❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ❍❡❛❧t❤ Pr♦❞✉❝ts✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✑✳ ❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❛✳ ❉✉♣❛s✱ P✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✏●❡tt✐♥❣ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts t♦ t❤❡✐r ❡♥❞ ✉s❡rs✿ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐③❡✱ ❜✉t ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤❄✑✳ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❉✉♣❛s✱ P✳ ❱✳ ❍♦✛♠❛♥♥✱ ▼✳ ❑r❡♠❡r ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❩✇❛♥❡✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ✏❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ❤❡❛❧t❤ s✉❜s✐❞✐❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♥♦♥✲♣r✐❝❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✿ ❆ r❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ tr✐❛❧ ✐♥ ❑❡♥②❛✑✳ ▼✐♠❡♦✳ ▼❡r❡❞✐t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✏❑❡❡♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞♦❝t♦r ❛✇❛②✿ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♥✈❡st♠❡♥t ✐♥ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❍❡❛❧t❤ Pr♦❞✉❝ts✳✑ ❏❉❊✳ ▼✐❣✉❡❧✱ ❚✳ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❑r❡♠❡r ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✏❚❤❡ ■❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙✉st❛✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t②✑✳ ◗❏❊✳

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✸

SLIDE 90

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❙❧✐❞❡s

P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✹

SLIDE 91

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❆♥t✐♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t

■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❤♦✇ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡ s✉❜s✐❞② ❛❝r♦ss ♠❡♠❜❡rs

12pp increase in share to infants/c hildren

✭❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❞r✉❣ s❤♦♣ r❡❞❡♠♣t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛✮

❇❛❝❦ P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✺

SLIDE 92

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❆♥t✐♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t

Pr✐❝❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❆❈❚ ❛♥t✐♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧s✱ ❜② ❛❣❡ ❣r♦✉♣

✭❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❞r✉❣ s❤♦♣ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ r❡❝♦r❞s ❞❛t❛✮

❇❛❝❦ P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✻

SLIDE 93

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❆♥t✐♠❛❧❛r✐❛❧ ❚r❡❛t♠❡♥t

.5 .6 .7 .8 .9

92% 88% 80%

Subsidy Level No RDT RDT Share Malaria Positive

✭❙♦✉r❝❡✿ s✉r♣r✐s❡ ❘❉❚ t❡sts ❛t ❞r✉❣ s❤♦♣s✮

❇❛❝❦ P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✼

SLIDE 94

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ❉❡t❛✐❧s

❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥

❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜t✿

❋♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❝❤✐❧❞ ❞❡❛t❤s ❛✈❡rt❡❞❀ ❡①❝❧✉❞❡s ❛❞✉❧t ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜t✱ ❞✐❛rr❤❡❛ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ❝❤✐❧❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❈❤✐❧❞ ♠♦rt❛❧✐t② ✽✳✷✺✪ ✐♥ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ✷✵✪ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❞✐❛rr❤❡❛ P♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✉s❡ ✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t r❡❞✉❝❡s ❞✐❛rr❤❡❛ ❡♣✐s♦❞❡s ❜② ✸✾✪ ✭❆r♥♦❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❧❢♦r❞ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ r❡✈✐❡✇✱ ❛❞❥✉st❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡✮ ❖♥❡ ❝❤✐❧❞ ❞❡❛t❤ ❂ ✸✵✳✷✽ ❉❆▲❨s ✶✳✼ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✉♥❞❡r ✺ ♣❡r ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❜❡♥❡✜t ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♣❡r ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ❂ ✽✿✷✺✪ ❯✺▼❘ ① ✷✵✪ ① ✸✾✪ ① ✸✵✳✷✽ ❉❆▲❨s ① ✶✳✼ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✴✺ ②❡❛rs ❂ ✵✳✵✻✽ ❉❆▲❨s

❈♦st ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✿ ❆ss✉♠❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥❧②

■♥ r❡❛❧✐t②✱ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ♠♦r❡ ❝♦st❧② t❤❛♥ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ s②st❡♠

❇❛❝❦ P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✽

SLIDE 95

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ❉❡t❛✐❧s

❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥

❱❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❆▲❨

❲❍❖ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s ❝♦st✐♥❣ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ●❉P ♣❡r ❝❛♣✐t❛ ✴ ❉❆▲❨ ✧❤✐❣❤❧② ❝♦st ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡✧

❑❡♥②❛♥ ●❉P ❂ ✩✼✻✽

✶✾✾✸ ❲❉❘ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❧② r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ✩✶✺✵ ❯❙✴❉❆▲❨ ❛s t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♦❢ ❝♦st ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ✭❂ ✩✷✹✶ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✸ ❞♦❧❧❛rs✮

❱❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ t♦ ✇❛❧❦ t♦ s❤♦♣ t♦ r❡❞❡❡♠ ❝♦✉♣♦♥

❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ s❤♦♣ t♦ r❡❞❡❡♠ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ✇❛s ✸✳✾ ❦♠ ❆t ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ✺ ❦♠✴❤♦✉r✱ r♦✉♥❞ tr✐♣ t❛❦❡s ✶✳✺✻ ❤♦✉rs

✐✈❡♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✇❛❣❡ ♦❢ ✩✵✳✶✻✴❤♦✉r✱ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ tr❛✈❡❧

❝♦st ❛s ✺✵✪ ♦❢ ✇❛❣❡ r❛t❡✱ t✐♠❡ ❝♦st ✐s ✩✵✳✶✸ ▲✐❦❡❧② ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞✱ s✐♥❝❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛♥②✇❛②✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❛② ♣✉t ❧♦✇ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❝♦st

❇❛❝❦ P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✹✾

SLIDE 96

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♥❣ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ■❚◆s ✐♥ ❑❡♥②❛✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❝✉r✈❡ r❡♠❛✐♥s st✉❜❜♦r♥❧② st❡❡♣✳✳✳

.2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 40-60 70-90 100-150 160-200 200-300 Price of Net in Kenyan Shillings None Health Framing Financial Framing 95% CI for None What Marketing Pitch? .2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 40-60 70-90 100-150 160-200 200-300 Price of Net in Kenyan Shillings No Yes 95% CI for No Commitment Invervention? .2 .4 .6 .8 1 FREE 40-60 70-90 100-150 160-200 200-300 Price of Net in Kenyan Shillings Both heads jointly Male head alone Female head alone 95% CI for Both

Who was sampled to receive voucher?

50% subsidy with delivery

WDR cost- effectiveness benchmark ($241)

100% subsidy with delivery PSI price 50% subsidy with delivery

walking time @ 50% ag wage ($0.13) P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✺✹

SLIDE 101

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ▼②st❡r② ❈❧✐❡♥ts

Pr❡❢❡rr❡❞ P♦❧✐❝② ✇✐t❤ ♠✐❝r♦✲♦r❞❡❛❧ ♦♣t✐♦♥

100% subsidy with micro-

rdeal

50% subsidy with delivery

walking time @ 50% ag wage ($0.13)

50% subsidy with delivery 100% subsidy with micro-ordeal PSI price 100% subsidy with delivery

WDR cost- effectiveness benchmark ($241) P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✺✺

SLIDE 102

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ▼②st❡r② ❈❧✐❡♥ts ❇❛❝❦ P❛s❝❛❧✐♥❡ ❉✉♣❛s ✭❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✮ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ❙✉❜s✐❞✐❡s ✺✻