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❚②♣❡s ❛r❡ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛✲❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s✱ ✐♥ ❈♦q ❆✳ ▲❛❢♦♥t ✶ ✱ ❚✳ ❍✐rs❝❤♦✇✐t③ ✷ ✱ ◆✳ ❚❛❜❛r❡❛✉ ✸ ✶ ■▼❚ ❆t❧❛♥t✐q✉❡✱ ◆❛♥t❡s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡✱ ✷ ❈◆❘❙✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐té ❙❛✈♦✐❡ ▼♦♥t✲❇❧❛♥❝✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡✱ ✸ ■♥r✐❛✱ ◆❛♥t❡s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❚❨P❊❙✱ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✴✷✹

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ◮ ■♥ ❛ ▼❛rt✐♥✲▲ö❢ ❚②♣❡ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t✇♦ t❡r♠s t , u ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t②♣❡ A ✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ t = A u ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t♦r ❏ ❢♦r t❤✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡rt t❤❡♠✱ ❡t❝✳ ◮ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✭t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♣r♦♦❢s ♦❢ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s p = t = A u q ✱ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s ✭ α = p = t = Au q β ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✮✳ p t u α β q ◮ ❏ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ♠♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ✭✇❤✐s❦❡r✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ t②♣❡ A ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡s t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞✳ ✷✴✷✹

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ◮ ■♥ ❛ ▼❛rt✐♥✲▲ö❢ ❚②♣❡ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t✇♦ t❡r♠s t , u ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t②♣❡ A ✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ t = A u ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t♦r ❏ ❢♦r t❤✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡rt t❤❡♠✱ ❡t❝✳ ◮ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✭t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♣r♦♦❢s ♦❢ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s p = t = A u q ✱ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s ✭ α = p = t = Au q β ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✮✳ p t u α β q ◮ ❏ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ♠♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ✭✇❤✐s❦❡r✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ t②♣❡ A ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡s t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞✳ ✷✴✷✹

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ◮ ■♥ ❛ ▼❛rt✐♥✲▲ö❢ ❚②♣❡ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t✇♦ t❡r♠s t , u ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t②♣❡ A ✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ t = A u ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t♦r ❏ ❢♦r t❤✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡rt t❤❡♠✱ ❡t❝✳ ◮ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✭t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♣r♦♦❢s ♦❢ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s p = t = A u q ✱ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s ✭ α = p = t = Au q β ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✮✳ p t u α β q ◮ ❏ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ♠♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ✭✇❤✐s❦❡r✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ t②♣❡ A ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡s t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞✳ ✷✴✷✹

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ◮ ■♥ ❛ ▼❛rt✐♥✲▲ö❢ ❚②♣❡ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t✇♦ t❡r♠s t , u ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t②♣❡ A ✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ t = A u ✳ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t♦r ❏ ❢♦r t❤✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡rt t❤❡♠✱ ❡t❝✳ ◮ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✭t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ♣r♦♦❢s ♦❢ ❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s p = t = A u q ✱ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❤✐❣❤❡r✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s ✭ α = p = t = Au q β ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✮✳ p t u α β q ◮ ❏ ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ♠♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ✭✇❤✐s❦❡r✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ t②♣❡ A ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡s t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞✳ ✷✴✷✹

❚②♣❡s ❛r❡ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ◮ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦♥ ♣❛♣❡r ✜rst ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ▲✉♠s❞❛✐♥❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ✈❛♥ ❞❡♥ ❇❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ●❛r♥❡r ✷✵✶✶✳ ◮ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ❤❛s ♥♦t ②❡t ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ▼❛✐♥ ❈♦q ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ st❛t♠❡♥t✿ ❆♥② ✭✜❜r❛♥t✮ t②♣❡ ✭♦❢ ❈♦q✮ ❤❛s ❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ✐ts ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡s ◮ ✐♥ ❛ t✇♦✲❧❡✈❡❧ t②♣❡ s②st❡♠ ◮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❇r✉♥❡r✐❡ ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ❛s ❛♥ ❡①tr✐♥s✐❝ s②♥t❛① ✸✴✷✹

❚②♣❡s ❛r❡ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ◮ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦♥ ♣❛♣❡r ✜rst ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ▲✉♠s❞❛✐♥❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ✈❛♥ ❞❡♥ ❇❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ●❛r♥❡r ✷✵✶✶✳ ◮ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ❤❛s ♥♦t ②❡t ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ▼❛✐♥ ❈♦q ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ st❛t♠❡♥t✿ ❆♥② ✭✜❜r❛♥t✮ t②♣❡ ✭♦❢ ❈♦q✮ ❤❛s ❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ✐ts ✐t❡r❛t❡❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② t②♣❡s ◮ ✐♥ ❛ t✇♦✲❧❡✈❡❧ t②♣❡ s②st❡♠ ◮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❇r✉♥❡r✐❡ ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ❛s ❛♥ ❡①tr✐♥s✐❝ s②♥t❛① ✸✴✷✹

❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❆ t②♣❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛✲❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ●❧♦❜✉❧❛r s❡ts ❇r✉♥❡r✐❡ ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ❋♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈♦q ■♥tr✐♥s✐❝ ✈s ❊①tr✐♥s✐❝ ❚✇♦✲❧❡✈❡❧ t②♣❡ s②st❡♠ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ✹✴✷✹

❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ❆ t②♣❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❛❦ ♦♠❡❣❛✲❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ●❧♦❜✉❧❛r s❡ts ❇r✉♥❡r✐❡ ❚②♣❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ❋♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈♦q ■♥tr✐♥s✐❝ ✈s ❊①tr✐♥s✐❝ ❚✇♦✲❧❡✈❡❧ t②♣❡ s②st❡♠ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ✺✴✷✹

●❧♦❜✉❧❛r s❡ts ❛s ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❛ t②♣❡ t❤❡♦r②✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ t②♣❡ t❤❡♦r② ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t✐♥❣ ◮ ❝❧♦s❡❞ t②♣❡s ✭❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✮ ❛s s❡ts ◮ ❝❧♦s❡❞ t❡r♠s ❛s ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡✐r t②♣❡ ◮ ♦♣❡♥ t②♣❡s ❛s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ◮ ♦♣❡♥ t❡r♠s ❛s s❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ♦♣❡♥ t②♣❡s � Γ ⊢ AType � : � Γ � → Set � Γ ⊢ t : A � : ∏ ( γ : � Γ � ) , � Γ ⊢ AType � γ ◮ ✰ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s � Γ , x : A � = ∑ ( γ : � Γ � ) , � Γ ⊢ AType � γ ... ■♥ s❤♦rt✱ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❛ ❈✇❋ ♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t②♣❡ t❤❡♦r② t♦ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❈✇❋ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Set ❝❛t❡❣♦r②✳ ✻✴✷✹