Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Representing Focus Scoping over New Mats Rooth Cornell University NELS 45 MIT Oct. 31 – Nov. 2, 2014
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Alternative semantics 1 2 3 ∼ 2 6 F 7 4 5 14 15 Justin who 10 11 ate it ate the last piece of cake 3 ∼ 2 licensed by: Justin ate the last piece of cake being a proposition of the form y ate the last piece of cake.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary ∼ /F marks the locus, scope and antecedent for focus 1 2 3 ∼ 2 6 F 7 4 5 14 15 Justin who 10 11 ate it ate the last piece of cake
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Entailment semantics/Givenness semantics 1 2 3 ∼ 2 6 F 7 4 5 14 15 Justin who 10 11 ate it ate the last piece of cake 3 ∼ 2 licensed by: somebody ate the last piece of cake entails some entity ate the last piece of cake.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary ∼ not scoping over F 1 2 3 ∼ 2 4 5 6 F 7 ∼ 5 14 ∼ 10 15 ∼ 11 who Justin 10 11 ate it ate the last piece of cake 7 ∼ 5 licensed by: ate the last piece of cake = ate the last piece of cake (alternative semantics) or somebody ate the last piece of cake entails some entity ate the last piece of cake (entailment semantics).
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary 1 2 3 ∼ 2 4 5 6 F 7 ∼ 5 Justin 14 ∼ 10 15 ∼ 11 who 10 11 ate it ate the last piece of cake the last piece of cake = the last piece of cake.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Phrases with ∼ not scoping over F ... 1 2 3 ∼ 2 4 5 6 F 7 ∼ 5 Justin 14 ∼ 10 15 ∼ 11 who 10 11 ate it ate the last piece of cake ... often surface as reduced/destressed. This is part of the focus system.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Alternative Focus vs. New according to Katz and Selkirk 2011 ... for instance, they mostly store mines F in Idaho. speech/katz/07aMPc12.wav ... for instance, they mostly store mines in Idaho F . speech/katz/07bMPc21.wav Katz and Selkirk (2011): F gets realized differently than new, with greater pitch range and duration. Data from Jonah Katz and Lisa Selkirk
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Since all nodes are new ... 1 2 3 F 4 6 F in Idaho store mines ... projecting F is not distinguished.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 6 F in Idaho store mines Really every node is F-marked.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Prosody of farmer sentences [Canadian F farmers] 1 ∼ 2 admire [American F farmers ] 2 ∼ 1. Roberts 1996/2012 The two tokens of farmer sound different, with the first one prosodically subordinate to Canadian , but not reduced. So the first F is not alternative-focus at all.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Scott Hollis That was Phil Woods on the alto F saxophone. Hope to see you again next F Friday.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Focus and reduction in comparatives [I F dance the tango] better than [you F dance the tango] As in farmer sentences: [I F dance the tango] 2 ∼ 3 better than [you F dance the tango] 3 ∼ 2
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary With preceding antecedent ... I’m an expert at [dancing tango] 1 . Hah! I bet [I F [ VP dance the tango ] ∼ 1] better than you! speech/tango/tango1.wav The gray part is reduced because it is redundant relative to the first VP, as expressed by ∼ 1 . speech/tango/tango1.wav
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Out of the blue ... I should do the next part. Why? [I F [ VP dance the tango] ∼ 1] better than you! speech/tango/tango1.wav Without a preceding antencedent, destressing of VP dance the tango seems not to be licensed, even though focus on the main-clause subject is licensed. default: speech/tango/tango1.wav destressed: speech/tango/tango1.wav
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Focus/new vs. Focus/given in Japanese M. Sugahara (2003)
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary While it is Tokyo and Osaka that are known for crime, this week the manager of a [Yokohama F [importing agency]] was arrested for selling marijuana to a model.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Sugahara: for AA case, difference in pitch scaling in absence of a difference in phonological phrasing.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Recursive alternative semantics Let h be the ordinary semantic operation for a node of the form [ αβ ], e.g. leftward function application or rightward function application. ] f = ] f ∧ b ǫ [ � ] f � [ [ [ αβ ] ] h ( a , b ) | a ǫ [ [ α ] [ β ] Hamblin 1973 Rooth 1985 Alternatives project automatically, independent of syntactic features.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary The problem again 1 1 2 F 3 F 2 F 3 F next Friday alto saxophone The focus syntax doesn’t express that the F on next projects while the F on Friday doesn’t.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Local information-structural operators 01 Jacob-ga 10 dare-o aisiteiru Project alternatives only along a “spine” of 1’s. These 1’s also have a phonological interpretatation of relative prominence–a local Stress-F. M. Rooth and H. Dong (application to in situ WH and second occurrence focus).
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Semantic interpretation of information-structural operators Let h be the ordinary semantic operation for a node of the form [ πσ αβ ] , e.g. leftward function application or rightward function application. ] f = � ] o ) | a ǫ [ ] f � [ [ 10 αβ ] ] h ( a , [ [ [ β ] [ α ] ] f = � ] o , b ) | b ǫ [ ] f � [ [ 01 αβ ] ] h ( [ [ [ α ] [ β ] ] f = ] f ∧ b ǫ [ � ] f � [ [ [ 11 αβ ] ] h ( a , b ) | a ǫ [ [ α ] [ β ] ] f = { h ( [ ] o , [ ] o ) } [ [ [ 00 αβ ] ] [ α ] [ β ] ] o = h ( [ ] o , [ ] o ) [ [ πσ αβ ] ] [ [ α ] [ β ] Difference from Hamblin: when branch is marked 0, ordinary semantic value is plugged in, instead of selecting an element from the alternative set.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Projecting F in all new F F ~C ~C mostly(C) mostly(C) F F Idaho Idaho F F F F store mines store mines
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Each F projection path has an antecedent at the top, ∼ k ~k mostly(C) ~C yuujin-ga Idaho maneeja-no store mines Yokohama-no yunyuu-daikooya-de
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary ∼ x also without F-projection tail ~k ~j yuujin-ga ~i maneeja-no ~h Yokohama-no yunyuu-daikooya-de Focus over given
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Remaining vertices are non-projecting F ~k nyuujin-ga maneeja-no Yokohama-no nyunyuu-daikooya-de Focus over new
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Formally no F ~k nyuujin-ga maneeja-no Yokohama-no nyunyuu-daikooya-de ... at the base of F-projection paths, or on novelty F.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Local stress F Given a vertex with children a , b where a is marked for F-projection and b is not, some grid column in the realization of a exceeds every grid column in the realization of b
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Incremental improvement over standard stress F Given a vertex with children a , b where a is marked for F-projection and b is not, some grid column in the realization of a exceeds every grid column in the realization of b . Let β be an F-marked phrase with scope φ . Then the strongest stress in the phonological realization of φ falls within the realization of β . ... because there’s no global reference to F-marked phrase, the corresponding F scope, and their phonological realizations.
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Both of these obey local stress F ~k ~k ~h next next Friday Friday x x x x x x x x x x x x next Fri day next Fri day focus over given focus over new
Locus/scope/antecedent Focus over new New grammar for focus Phonology Summary Phrase F X is bears ∼ , or the realization of X dominates an accentual phrase. *Accentual phrase Lower-ranked *Accentual phrase provides pressure towards de-phrasing for ∼ k .
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