Regionalized Life Cycle Inventory R. Yang, H. Ozer, S-G Kang, and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Regionalized Life Cycle Inventory R. Yang, H. Ozer, S-G Kang, and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Regionalized Life Cycle Inventory R. Yang, H. Ozer, S-G Kang, and I. L. Al-Qadi Research Team: ICT/UIUC, ARA, & theRightenvironment International Symposium on Pavement LCA, October 14-16, 2014 2 Outline o Introduction o Life Cycle

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Regionalized Life Cycle Inventory

  • R. Yang, H. Ozer, S-G Kang, and I. L. Al-Qadi

Research Team:

ICT/UIUC, ARA, & theRightenvironment International Symposium on Pavement LCA, October 14-16, 2014

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Outline

  •  Introduction
  •  Life Cycle Inventory Database

n Inventory Modeling Approach n Data Collection n Inventory Highlights

  •  Pavement LCA Tool
  •  Case Study
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Overall Project Objective

Development of a roadway/roadside LCA toolkit Illinois Tollway Network

Roadway/ Roadside

LCA

Pavement LCA

Drainage LCA Structures LCA Lighting LCA Landscape LCA

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Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)

Steps to Perform LCA (per ISO 14044)

Goal and Scope Definition Inventory Analysis Impact Assessment Interpretation

An integral part

  • f a data-driven

LCA process

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LCI Database Motivation

  •  Existing databases may not be temporally

and regionally appropriate for all situations

  •  Need a multi-tiered approach of collecting

local information and modeling the processes to include upstream emissions

  •  Processes considered

Material production & processing Fuel & electricity production Hauling & transport Equipment usage

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Modeling Approach

Local data ¡ Local data ¡ Local data ¡ Local data ¡ Other data sources ¡ Other data sources ¡ Other data sources ¡

More Detailed Data Higher Level of Regionalization

  •  Regionalize data relevant to the Tollway using

commercial LCI databases and software with comprehensive inventory data

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Inventory Modeling Procedure

1) Distribute and collect local questionnaires 2) Analyze and screen collected data with literature 3) Model and develop regionalized database in SimaPro software 4) Benchmark with commercial data and literature

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LCI Data Request Process

Questionnaires created by UIUC ARA reaches out to Contractors with data request ARA meets with Contractors/enters into NDAs as needed ARA conducts meetings with individual Contractors Contractors indicate that data will be provided Very little data actually provided More meetings scheduled and more requests made Contractor Association (RoadBuilders) now making requests of their members to supply LCI data No additional data has been provided

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Contractor Involvement to Date

Aug 2012

First Stakeholder Meeting (Open Hostility)

Aug 2013 Aug 2014

Presentation request by RoadBuilders (Seeing potential value) Individual meetings with Contractors to request

  • peration specific LCI data

(Indifference to Curiosity)

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Hurdles to LCI Data Collection

  •  No good time for Contractors to assemble and

submit data

n Spring (getting ready for summer construction

season)

n Summer (construction season) n Autumn (busy finishing up construction season) n Winter (preparing bids for next year’s projects)

  •  No clear value to Contractors to provide data
  •  Protection of “proprietary” information
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Future for LCI Data

  •  LCA Tool users (in order of adoption):

n Agency (Public Relations emphasis) n Agency (Designers, Construction Managers) n Agency (Contract Award criteria) n Contractors (only when contract award is on the line)

  •  Development of LCI data submittal as part of “pre-

certification” requirement to do Tollway work

  •  Development of online system to make data

submittal easier (similar to QC/QA test data submittal system)

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Other Data Sources

  •  Supplements and validates questionnaire data

LCI Databases

  • US-Ecoinvent
  • US-LCI (NREL)

Government Software

  • eGRID, GREET
  • MOVES, NONROAD

Reports, Literature

  • Portland Cement Assn.
  • Athena Institute, etc.

Data modeled in commercial LCA software

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Creating Inventory Models

  •  Focus on processes that contribute significantly

to the overall environmental impacts

Energy Consumption for a Flexible Pavement

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Asphalt Binder Model

  •  Five U.S. Regions

n Data from U.S. Energy

Information Administration

Crude Extraction & Flaring (Foreign/

Domestic)

Petroleum Refining

(Domestic)

Asphalt Blending & Storage

(Domestic)

Transport Transport

U.S. EIA

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Crude Distribution & Transport

Crude Extraction & Flaring Petroleum Refining Asphalt Blending & Storage Transport Transport

PADD3 (Gulf Coast) PADD2 (Mid- west)

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Asphalt Binder: Results

1990s 2011 1990s 1990s 1990s

Model Literature

Greenhouse Gases per short ton binder production

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HMA Plant Model

  •  Predicting energy use in HMA plant based on

moisture content of aggregate and mixing temperature

  •  Based on local questionnaires and literature

from NAPA report (2007)

  •  Operation Types

n Drying/mixing (natural gas) n Fans, drum motors (electricity) n In-plant transportation (gas/diesel)

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Drying and Mixing

  •  Relationship between energy

consumption and GWP

Moisture Content Temperature (°F)

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Total HMA Plant Operations

HMA: ¡

  • MC ¡= ¡5% ¡
  • T ¡= ¡325 ¡ºF ¡

WMA: ¡

  • MC ¡= ¡5% ¡
  • T ¡= ¡240 ¡ºF ¡

~10% reduction ~10% reduction

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Electricity Generation Model

Influences most unit processes in the material phase

Plant fuel mixes, efficiencies, emissions vary with regions and years

Illinois

(MRO, RFC, SERC)

eGRID 2010

WECC MRO TRE SPP SERC RFC NPCC ASCC HICC FRCC

Region-year- specific models developed for Illinois using EPA’s eGRID

eGRID Regions

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Electricity Model: Energy

  •  Proportion of plant fuel mixes
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Electricity Model: GWP

  •  Lower GWP from a high ratio of nuclear
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Hauling Truck Model

  •  Necessary to transport:

n Raw/ recycled materials to processing plants n Materials and equipment to construction sites

  •  MOVES 2014

n Regional emission

inventory via simulations for the Illinois region

n Added upstream energy/

emissions of diesel production

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Construction Equipment Model

  •  EPA’s NONROAD software models emissions

from off-road vehicles at the county level

  •  Federal emission standards

metrovancouver.org

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Equipment Model: Results

  •  Implementation of emission tiers over time

Estimated 44% decrease from 2005 to 2014

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Summary of Inventory Database

Material Production & Processing HMA PCC Aggregate Other Straight Binder GTR Mod. Binder SBR Mod. Binder Sealant Emulsion HMA/WMA Plants Cement Type I GGBF Slag Reinforcing Steel Ready Mix Natural Agg. Crushed Agg. RAP RAS RCA Fly Ash Steel Slag Fuel & Electricity Electricity Coal Natural gas Petroleum fuels Transportation Hauling Truck Barge Rail Equipment Various equipment and nonroad vehicles

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Pavement LCA Tool

  •  Based on pay items for user friendliness and

uniformity

  •  Full life cycle including use phase and various

EOL scenarios

PAY ITEM

Cost Materials Equipment Mixes

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Screenshots of Inputs

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Tollway Case Study

  •  1 Full depth HMA and 6 PCC reconstruction

projects performed by Tollway in 2013

  •  Included Materials, Construction, Maintenance
  •  Effects of improvements from 2000s to 2013

*Conducted by ARA

Materials & Design

  • Increase of RAP, RAS
  • Replace HMA with WMA; virgin aggregates with

RCA in shoulders/base layers

  • Using composite mixes with fly ash
  • Layer thickness changes
  • Increased design life for PCC pavements
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Full Depth HMA Results

  •  Results per lane-mi-yr

Sustainable Performance Indicator Global Warming Potential Cumulative Energy Demand

12% 8% 11%

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PCC Pavement Results

  •  Results per lane-mi-yr

Sustainable Performance Indicator Global Warming Potential Cumulative Energy Demand

33% 28% 32%

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Acknowledgements

  •  This project is funded by the Illinois Tollway

through the Illinois Center for Transportation.

  •  Tollway: Steve Gillen
  •  Applied Research Associates: William Vavrik,

Alejandro Salinas, Tom Wilson

  •  theRightEnvironment: Joep Meijer
  •  UIUC Team