Reducing The Risk of Runway Excursions Jim Burin Director of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Reducing The Risk of Runway Excursions

Jim Burin Director of Technical Programs

Participants Participants

• EASA
• CANSO
• IFALPA
• FAA/CAST
• LVNL
• Boeing
• DGAC France
• Flight Safety Foundation
• IFATCA
• NLR
• ALTA
• Airbus
• Embraer
• ACI
• IATA
• ERA
• Eurocontrol
• AAPA
• US NTSB
• AEA
• Honeywell
• ALPA

• Runway Incursions

Runway Safety Issues

• Runway Confusion
• Runway Excursion

Runway Excursion:

When the wheels of an aircraft on the runway surface depart the end or the side of the runway surface. Runway excursions can occur on takeoff or on landing. They consist of two types of events: Veer-Off: Excursion in which an aircraft departs the side of a runway Overrun: A runway excursion in which an aircraft departs the end of a runway

The Players

• Airports
• ATC
• Regulators
• Operators
• Aircrews
• Management
• Aircraft Manufacturers

Incursion

Safety Data

Runway

Confusion

Excursion

Number Percent of Total Incursions: 10 (.7/year) .6% Excursions: 442 (29.8/year) 29% Confusion: 5 (.3/year) .3%

Runway Safety Accident Data

1995–2009

1,508 Total Accidents

1.0/year

Runway Safety Data

1995–2010 Runway Excursion Data

• 36% of turbojet accidents
• 24% of turboprop accidents

Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway Accidents by Type, 1995 Through 2009

50

100

150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Runway Excursion Runway Confusion Runway Incursion Fatal Non-Fatal

Number of Accidents

10/19/2011 FSF RSI - E Weener 15

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Takeoff Landing

Co u n t s (n= 5 4 8 )

Runway Excursions - Type

21% 79%

10/19/2011 FSF RSI - E Weener 16

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Veer Off Overrun Co unt s (n=113)

Takeoff Excursions

37% 63%

10/19/2011 FSF RSI - E Weener 17

50 100 150 200 250 Overrun Veer Off

Co u n t (n= 4 3 5 )

Landing Excursions - Type

47% 53%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0% 50.0% Other Business Jets Jet Transports Turboprop

Takeoff Excursions - Fleet Composition

6% 17% 36% 41%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Other Business Jet Turboprop Jet Transports

Landing Excursions - Fleet Composition

3% 19% 35% 43%

Takeoff Excursions – Top 10 Factors

Landing Excursions – Top 10 Factors

Corp/Biz Aircraft vs. Full Fleet - Landing Excursions

Runway Safety Observations

• Severity of runway excursions dependent on:
• Energy of aircraft when departing the runway
• Airport layout, geography, and rescue capability
• Data shows we are being effective in

preventing runway incursion accidents, but the number of incidents and severity still indicates a very high risk

• Data shows runway excursions are the most

common type of runway safety accident (96%) and the most common type of fatal runway safety accident (80%)

Basics

• Energy = Mass X V2
• Effect of reverse thrust is significantly

greater on a contaminated runway

• Calculations and rules are important,

but so is adhering to the conditions used to calculate them: * e.g., abort past V1 * Land long, land fast

• Stabilized approach with landing in

touchdown zone

Conclusions

25

• Unstable approaches increase the risk of

landing runway excursions

• Failure to recognize the need for and to

execute a go-around is a major cause of landing runway excursions

• Establishing and adhering to standard
• perating procedures (SOPs) will enhance

flight crew decision making and reduce the risk of runway excursions

Conclusions

26

• Universal standards related to runway

conditions, and comprehensive performance data related to aircraft stopping characteristics, would assist in reducing the risk of runway excursions

• Contaminated runways increase the risk of

runway excursions

Runway Condition Reporting Runway Condition Reporting

Summary of Methods Summary of Methods

 Runway Friction Report  Runway Friction Report

Good Fair Poor Nil

FAA* FAA* ICAO ICAO

Good Medium Poor

* Per airline/FAA discussion as result of August 2006 workshop in Washington, D.C. * Per airline/FAA discussion as result of August 2006 workshop in Washington, D.C.

 Airplane Braking Action Report PIREPs  Airplane Braking Action Report PIREPs

Better Braking Better Braking Worse Braking Worse Braking

Dry Wet Dry Snow Packed or Compact Snow Wet Snow Slush Ice Wet Ice

Runway Description Runway Description

80 0.8 60 0.6 40 0.4 20 0.2 0.0 80 0.8 60 0.6 40 0.4 20 0.2 0.0

Measured Runway Friction Measured Runway Friction

Braking Action Chart Braking Action Chart

Runway Condition Measurement and Reporting

• CRFI
• Mu
• ICAO
• FAA
• Tapley Meter

“A single overarching source of guidance is needed for production and promulgation of runway condition information”--- ICAO

• CFME
• Safe Land

Conclusions

30

• Combinations of risk factors (such as

abnormal winds and contaminated runways

• r thrust reverser issues and contaminated

runways) have an undesirable synergistic effect on the risk of an excursion

Landing Excursion Risk Factor Interactions

• Overrun accidents

– Go-around not conducted events

• 85% Touchdown long/fast
• 79% Unstabilized approach
• 40% Runway contamination

– Touchdown long/fast events

• 85% Go-around not conducted
• 72% Unstabilized approach
• 50% Runway contamination

– Unstabilized approach events

• 97% Go-around not conducted
• 89% Touchdown long/fast
• 49% Runway contamination

31

Contamination + Other Factors

32

Takeoff Excursions – contaminated runway Landing Excursions – contaminated runway

• 55% of accidents had adverse winds (cross, tail)
• 75% of accidents initiated prior to V1
• 50% of accidents had adverse winds (cross, tail)

FSF Goal:

Make aviation safer by reducing the risk of an accident