RE RESEARCH ETHICS CS FOR PHY R PHYSICI CISTS UNIV OF LUXEMBOURG - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

RE RESEARCH ETHICS CS FOR PHY R PHYSICI CISTS

UNIV OF LUXEMBOURG COLLOQUIUM KATRINA A. BRAMSTEDT, PHD LUXEMBOURG AGENCY FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY 13 MARCH 2019

Voluntary, anonymous e-polling using smartphone, iPad, laptop

LARI MISSION & STRATEGY

• To promote responsible conduct of research;

HOW? Education, Coaching, Consultation, Investigations

• To ensure an independent inquiry and investigation in cases of alleged scientific

misconduct. HOW? Commission for Research Integrity (CRI), reporting hotline, transparent procedures

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LARI WEBSITE, , ,

Website: https://lari.lu/ LARI policies, procedures, staff bios, Coach list/bios, training calendar, live Twitter feed, resources/links, archived newsletters, LARI reports, etc. Twitter: https://twitter.com/LARIluxembourg tweets about LARI seminars, hot items in news/journals, etc. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/luxembourg-agency-for-research-integrity/ LARI profile Newsletter (Compass): https://lari.lu/best-practice-useful-links/lari-newsletter/

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Follow us!

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14 FAQ re LARI and the CRI

https://lari.lu/about/about-lari/

WHO IS LARI? HTTPS://LARI.LU/ABOUT/WHO-IS-LARI/

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LARI Commission for Research Integrity (CRI) Secretary General LARI Coaches

SECRETARY GENERAL

• Bioethicist with 18yrs experience in research ethics*
• Former REC Chair, univ disciplinary board member, medical ethics program leader at 2 med schools, journal assoc

editor, NIH research center bioethicist, author 100+ peer-reviewed papers.

• Lead organization
• Organize and teach workshops/seminars
• Train LARI Coaches
• Provide research ethics/integrity consults
• Work with CRI Chair to screen/assess misconduct allegations
• Assist organizations with media relations (they must speak for themselves regarding their own cases of

misconduct—they own them)

• Manage registry of consults and cases

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*www.AskTheEthicist.com

Click to add text Click to add text Click to add text Click to add text Click to add text

Educational Videos: fun, short, shareable

RESEAR ARCH E ETHI HICS C CONS NSULTATION HTTPS://LARI.LU/LARI-SERVICES/BIOETHICS-CONSULTATION/

A service to researchers to identify, analyse and resolve ethical dilemmas in research settings.

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LARI C COA OACH

• A coach/coachman gets someone from point A to point B (safely)
• The Coach is a LARI-trained researcher who assists peers at their institute/dept

with the ethical issues of study design, conduct, and data reporting. This is proactive mentoring.

• Coaches do NOT replace the research supervisor.

19/03/2019 http://www.swindonviewpoint.com/sites/default/files/1-103b-1%20Victoria%20Road%20The%20Brow%20Mr%20G%20Rushen%20Coachman%201900-7.jpg 10

https://t.co/YX6izlACCc YouTube video

LARI COACHES: WHERE?

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LARI RI COMMISSION F FOR R R RESEARCH H INTEGRITY ( (CRI RI)

HTTPS://LARI.LU/BEST-PRACTICE-USEFUL-LINKS/INVESTIGATIONS-CRI-RULES-OF-PROCEDURE/

International team (3 form a quorum) who investigate allegations of misconduct

• Daniele Fanelli – Fellow in Quantitative Methodology, Department of Methodology, London

School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom

• Mylène Deschenes – Directrice des affaires éthiques et juridiques au Fonds de recherche du

Québec, Canada

• Vedran Katavić – Associate Professor of Human Anatomy, University of Zagreb, School of

Medicine, Croatia; Ethics expert at the European Commission, Belgium

• Torkild Vinther – Former Director, The National Commission for the Investigation of Research

Misconduct, Norway

• 5th member pending – physician, ethicist/research ethics, Germany.

*none in Luxembourg

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13 19/03/2019 https://lari.lu/best-practice-useful-links/research-ethics-faq/

24 FAQ re human and animal research ethics/integrity

WHY DOES MISCONDUCT HAPPEN?

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Sutherland, Edwin H. and Cressey, Donald. Principles of Criminology. 11th ed. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 1992. ISBN 0-930390-69-5; http://www.organizingcreativity.com/2014/08/using-the-fraud-triangle-to-explain-scientific-misconduct/

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Sometimes, researchers do not know they are committing misconduct (e.g., fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, deception). Other times, they do…

My boss is pushing me too hard Nobody will ever find

• ut

ETHICS & PHYSICS: C CONNECT CTIONS

“Ethics m must b be integrated r righ ght f from the start t wh when t technologies a are d developed, a and n not c come in t the e end.” ” T.

• T. MAGNI

NIN, P PHYSICIS IST & R & RECTOR, CATHOL OLIC U UNIV O V OF L LYON ON

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU MIX:

FLAWED STEEL FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES FLUID DYNAMICS 2 MILLION GALLONS OF FAST MOVING MOLASSES 3.5X

https://www.history.com/news/great-molasses-flood-science 1919, Boston: 21 people died, 150 injured

“It’s an ethical issue, rather than understanding the science.” M. Rossow, civil engineer, professor Storage tank walls too thin Improper mix of metals in tank composition (too little manganese; tank brittle in cold weather.) Flawed rivet design Tank leaks that were evident were disregarded

DUAL U L USE E TECHNO NOLOG OGY…A CASE F E FROM M MATER ERIALS LS SCIEN ENCES

• Nanosilver coatings
• Great for medical products such as

burn gel, bedrails, bed linens, gowns…

• Applying these coatings in the ‘wrong

settings/products’ [odor control of socks?] is potential misuse, leading to

• veruse that threatens microbial

biodiversity.

Silver nanoparticles [dots] are used in germ-killing wound

• dressings. ZEISS Microscopy/Flickr (CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0)

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/nanosilver- naughty-or-nice

TECHNOLOGY: P : PRIVACY Y ISSU SSUES

• Radar, Gestures, Control of

Smart Devices – the Soli project

• Does the technology recognize

the person making the gesture? Who can access what?

Lien J et al. Soli: Ubiquitous gesture sensing with millimeter wave radar. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 2016;35(4): article 142. DOI: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/9999997.9999999 Image: Google

PHY HYSI SICS, NAM AMING R RIGHTS, S, A AUTH UTHORSHIP

VOTING THE NAME CHANGE (2018): HUBBLE LAW OR THE HUBBLE-LEMAÎTRE LAW?

In 1927, Lemaître published a paper on the expansion of the universe in a rare Belgian journal, in French (reducing its access at the time by the astronomy community.) The findings published by Hubble in 1929 were most likely influenced by the work of Lemaître. International Astronomical Union (IAU) members were asked to vote on the name change: 4060 voted; 78% approved to change the name.

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/08/31/hubble-lemaitre-law-big-bang-name/#.XEW-UM0naUk https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1812/

Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet; 1706-1749 French physicist and mathematician

AUTHORSHIP: THE GOLD STANDARD

• Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or

the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND

• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual

content; AND

• Final approval of the version to be published; AND
• Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring

that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html

WHO FOLLOWS THIS RULE?

• Univ of Luxembourg! It’s their gold standard.
• Thousands of journals, including:
• BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING EXPRESS
• INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS
• INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY - BIOLOGY – PHYSICS
• JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
• PARTICLE PHYSICS INSIGHTS
• ASIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIAL RESEARCH
• BIOMATERIALS AND TISSUE TECHNOLOGY (BTT)
• GLOBAL JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMATERIAL SCIENCE
• INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS, NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE
• JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS
• JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
• JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
• JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE WITH ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
• JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
• MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WITH ADVANCED RESEARCH
• RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN MATERIAL SCIENCE

REAL AUTHORSHIP? REAL DATA?

German physicist at Bell Labs/Lucent

• Authored 1 paper every 8 days
• Claimed major discoveries
• Won numerous physics awards
• His work could not be replicated
• Data simply duplicated
• Kept no lab notebooks
• Deleted all data from his computer
• Fired from his job
• PhD revoked [‘unworthy to hold a doctorate’]

WHY DID HE DO IT? He wanted his data to appear more convincing

Image: AP Image: St. Martin's Griffin

LARI’S AUTHORSHIP ADVICE – 2MIN SUMMARY

PLAGIARISM – A CASE FROM PHYSICS

• 2017, physicist Étienne Klein was terminated

from his job as president of the Institute for Advanced Studies for Science and Technology (IHEST) in Paris.

• Multiple instances of plagiarism were detected

in his writings. He responded it was not intentional, but sloppiness.

https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/sciences/plagiats-etienne- klein-revoque-de-l-ihest_1903365.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Klein

PLAGIARISM I IS P PREV EVEN ENTABLE LE

• Plagiarism: using another person’s words or ideas as your own without attribution
• How can you prevent plagiarism?
• Avoid cutting and pasting. If you do, use “ ” double quotes and add the citation.
• Paraphrase – restate in your own words, and add the citation.
• Check your work with plagiarism detection software (some free ones on Internet

but check the Terms of Use; UL has a subscription on Moodle for students.)

• Be sure you also cite images (some don’t allow re-use or modification)

https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QuotingSources.html https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/PDF/Acknowledging_Sources.pdf

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=N3HQARSTZFC

IMAGE MANIPULATION… WHEN DOES IT CROSS THE LINE?

• “…manipulations that aim at deceiving the reader, concealing data features, or fabricating whole or parts of an

image are all examples of misconduct….”

• “Cloning objects into an image, to add features that were not present in the first place, taking the cloned object

from the same or a different image;”

• “Reusing an image or a “slightly modified” version of the same image in the same paper without an explicit

mention of it. Two or more images are considered as a “slightly modified” version of a single image if their difference is restricted to a small, discrete region (not larger than 5% of the total area expressed in pixels), or if they differ only in scale, rotation, linear stretching, cropping, contrast, or brightness (in any combination);”

• “Reusing an image or part of it from a previous paper, including reusing a “slightly modified” version of a

previously published image” [as above] https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0430-3

Falsification…Fabrication…Deception

IMAGE MANIPULATION… WHEN DOES IT CROSS THE LINE?

Guidance for enhancement, cropping, contrast & brightness adjustment, color adjustment, cloning, and resizing: https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/RIandImages/practices/default.html

SEL ELF-EXPER ERIMEN ENTATION: RESEARCH CHER ER = = PARTICI CIPANT

• When the researcher is also a

participant in his/her own research study, there is the potential to misperceive the risks

• f the research due to bias.
• Research ethics committees look

closely at the 1) risk level of the study; and 2) the ability of the researcher to give valid, informed consent.

SPACE R RES ESEA EARCH: PLAN ANETAR ARY P PROTECTION VS P PLAN ANETAR ARY S SEEDING

• How does a scientist balance the duty to protect a planet with

his/her desire to seed a planet with life it never had before? Could seeding and environmental changes cause harm? Does the harm

• utweigh the benefit?

https://phys.org/news/2019-01-seeding-milky-life-genesis-missions.html

SPACE R RES ESEA EARCH: WHAT ABOUT T THE L E LEF EFTOVER ER S SPACE J JUNK/D /DEBRIS?

• Debris comes from explosions,

collisions, malfunctions, astronaut trash, abandoned equipment, …

• Leave it or remove it? Harms?
• Who does the removal? Liability for

errors? Who pays for removal? Should removal plan be part of design and use plan? Does the junk have value [mine it]?

Artist’s impression of space debris, based on density data European Space Agency

https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space- policy-directive-3-national-space-traffic-management-policy/ https://astroscale.com/space-debris/

CONFL FLICT O T OF I INTEREST ( T (COI)

• Two or more good things compete for priority

in decision-making (e.g., data, money, power, authority, reward, personal passion)

• COI, if not managed, can harm a scientist.
• How to manage COI? Avoid, Minimize, Disclose

Image: Basic Books

COI EXAMPLE: THE NATURAL CYCLES APP

• Company founded by two CERN physicists
• Clinical research studies about the app were funded by the

physicists and they were lead authors on all 3 papers.

• App is approved as a ‘natural contraceptive’ in several countries

but the NHS has expressed concern about the reliability of the studies due to design and conflict of interest. https://www.nhs.uk/news/pregnancy-and-child/would-you-trust- a-smartphone-app-as-a-contraceptive/

• Their 2 claims, “Highly accurate contraceptive app” and “Clinically

tested alternative to birth control methods” have been determined to be misleading. https://www.asa.org.uk/rulings/naturalcycles-nordic-ab-sweden- a17-393896.html

Image: Instagram

A “HEALTH” PRODUC UCT THA HAT D DEFIES T THE E LAWS O OF P PHYSICS**

• USD$15mill sales per year (+ Europe sales)*
• Useless product is developed and sold to ill adults

and children

• Product claims impossible due to the 3rd law of
• thermodynamics. Fluid does not keep a memory of

what [molecules] was there before.

• Physics has a role in debunking quack medicine and

protecting patients from harm [financial, medical].

*page 146, Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science, by D.R. Park. 2008, Princeton Univ Press. **the “medicine” becomes more effective the more diluted it becomes

CLOS OSING THOUGH GHTS

Prof Gregory Crawford, Physicist & Dean of the College of Science, University of Notre Dame (USA) “[Research] was no longer just an intellectual exercise to see what was possible — it had become a personal responsibility to see what was good. Beyond any cost-benefit analysis, I had to consider the health and safety of the person who might use the end product. At the same time, I found a deeper motivation for research in order to discover and invent products that could have a positive benefit on people’s quality of life…. Science is not simply the objective measuring of materials or solving of equations — it depends on the integrity, diligence, transparency, honesty, prudence, and so on of scientists. It depends on the virtues.”

https://theconversation.com/whats-the-role-of-virtues-in-the-lab-35035

MORE REFERENCES

• Naumann T, Beck HP, Melo I. Some ethical questions in particle physics. Ethical

Aspects of Development and Application of New Technologies, Eco Zone 2016, Žilina, DESY, Slovakia, 8 Sep 2016 - 9 Sep 2016. doi:10.3204/PUBDB-2016-04352

• Corley EA, Kim Y, Scheufele DA. Scientists’ Ethical Obligations and Social

Responsibility for Nanotechnology Research. Science and Engineering Ethics 2016;22:111-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-015-9637-1

Images in this presentation are from Pixabay unless otherwise noted. Pixabay is open access, no attribution.

PLEAS ASE C COMPLETE T THE HE SESSION FEEDBACK F K FOR ORM ON ONLINE E (60-SEC EC)

• 9 voluntary, anonymous questions
• Feedback used for QI and

educational research

• https://www.surveymonkey.com/r

/RRQ7F2V

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