❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✶ ✴ ✷✽
❈r②♣t♦❧♦❣② ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ st♦r❛❣❡ ✐♥ s❡❝✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s✉❛❧❧② s❡❝r❡t ❢♦r♠✳ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✖ s❡❝r❡t ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✭♦r ♦t❤❡r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ ❤✐❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✮ ❈r②♣t❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✖ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ s❡❝r❡t ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ✭✇✐t❤♦✉t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❦❡②✮✳ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✷ ✴ ✷✽
P❛st → ❚♦❞❛② → ❋✉t✉r❡ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✖ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r♠✉t✐♥❣✮ ♦❢ s②♠❜♦❧s ✭❧❡tt❡rs✮✱ ❝♦❞❡❜♦♦❦s✳ ▼♦❞❡r♥ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✖ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛♥❞ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✖ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✳ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ❝r②♣t❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✭❙❤♦r✬s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✮✱ ❦❡② ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❜r❡❡❝❤❡s✳ P♦stq✉❛♥t✉♠ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s r❡s✐st❛♥t t♦ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ❝r②♣t❛♥❛❧②s✐s P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✸ ✴ ✷✽
P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❑❡② ❢♦r ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣✉❜❧✐❝✮ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❛♥ ❦❡② ❢♦r ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣r✐✈❛t❡✮✳ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✴❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐❢② s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ Pr✐✈❛t❡ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✉s❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✹ ✴ ✷✽
❑❡② ❢♦r ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣✉❜❧✐❝✮ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❛♥ ❦❡② ❢♦r ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣r✐✈❛t❡✮✳ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✴❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐❢② s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ Pr✐✈❛t❡ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✉s❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✳ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✹ ✴ ✷✽
❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✴❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐❢② s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ Pr✐✈❛t❡ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❑❡② ❢♦r ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣✉❜❧✐❝✮ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❛♥ ❦❡② ❢♦r ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣r✐✈❛t❡✮✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✉s❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✹ ✴ ✷✽
❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✴❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐❢② s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ Pr✐✈❛t❡ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✉s❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❑❡② ❢♦r ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣✉❜❧✐❝✮ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❛♥ ❦❡② ❢♦r ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣r✐✈❛t❡✮✳ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✹ ✴ ✷✽
P✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐❢② s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ Pr✐✈❛t❡ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❝r②♣t ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✉s❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✳ P✉❜❧✐❝✲❦❡② ✭❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✮ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❑❡② ❢♦r ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣✉❜❧✐❝✮ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❛♥ ❦❡② ❢♦r ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭♣r✐✈❛t❡✮✳ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✴❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡✳ P❛✇❡➟ ❚♦♣❛✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❑r❛❦♦✇ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❙❡♠✐♥❛r ✭❑◗■❙✮ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉t❞❛t❡❞❄ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✷✵ ✹ ✴ ✷✽
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