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■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥ The 2010 IRDES Workshop on Applied Health Economics and Policy Evaluation 24-25 June 2010 – Paris – France www.irdes.fr/Workshop2010
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
All patients P-value (N vs. N- 1) Office work P-value (N vs. N- 1) Health sector P-value (N vs. N- 1) Other type
P-value (N vs. N- 1) January 2007 44.4% 54.4% 46.2% 35.2% February 2007 73.0% 0.00 78.6% 0.00 71.8% 0.00 67.0% 0.00 March 2007 81.5% 0.00 87.6% 0.00 84.1% 0.00 75.5% 0.00 April 2007 80.8% 0.73 87.7% 0.48 85.9% 0.31 73.4% 0.87 May 2007 81.6% 0.26 89.5% 0.13 87.1% 0.28 74.3% 0.33 June 2007 81.7% 0.48 89.6% 0.46 88.7% 0.34 73.6% 0.63 N 12810 5432 1018 6199
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❜❛♥ ❤❛❞ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s♠♦❦✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡♥❝❡
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❜❛♥ ❤❛❞ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s♠♦❦✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡♥❝❡
Descriptive statistics ESPS 2006-2008 Whole sample Employed respondents Retired respondents DID: 2006 vs. 2008 & employed vs. retired (1) (2) (3) 2006 2008 P-value 2006 2008 P-value 2006 2008 P-value DID P-value Socio demographic profile % males 44.1% 43.6% 0.50 43.8% 42.6% 0.31 51.7% 50.9% 0.51
0.81 Age 48.3 49.8 0.00 40.7 41.5 0.00 70.5 70.5 0.93 0.75 0.06 % with higher education 34.7% 29.4% 0.00 54.0% 52.0% 0.10 13.3% 13.5% 0.82
0.19 Income per consumption unit (def OCDE) 1523€ 1604€ 0.00 1784€ 1845€ 0.00 1425€ 1554€ 0.00
0.06 % of households who own their homes 22.1% 21.8% 0.62 36.4% 36.4% 0.94 5.1% 4.9% 0.76 0.3% 0.86 % married 56.3% 57.4% 0.15 62.4% 62.3% 0.90 72.9% 71.7% 0.30 1.1% 0.56 Employment status Employed 41.2% 40.8% 0.60 Retired 31.0% 34.7% 0.00 Unemployed 4.2% 3.5% 0.03 Inactive 9.8% 8.7% 0.01 Student 13.8% 12.3% 0.00 N 8504 8049 3502 3282 2634 2792
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❜❛♥ ❤❛❞ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s♠♦❦✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡♥❝❡
Control group: non working respondents
Smoking Status Daily Cigarettes smoked No Controls Controls1 No Controls Controls1 (1) (2) (3) (4) Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Diff-in-Diff 0.028* 0.04 0.022 0.10
0.47
0.35 R-squared 0.020 0.104 0.001 0.128 N 16553 16546 3285 3284
Control group: retired respondents
Smoking Status Daily Cigarettes smoked No Controls Controls1 No Controls Controls1 (5) (6) (7) (8) Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Diff-in-Diff 0.014 0.34 0.014 0.31
0.22
0.16 R-squared 0.051 0.104 0.007 0.100 N 12210 12205 2288 2287
Control group: inactive respondents
Smoking Status Daily Cigarettes smoked No Controls Controls1 No Controls Controls1 (9) (10) (11) (12) Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Diff-in-Diff 0.005 0.85 0.015 0.52 0.487 0.61 0.633 0.53 R-squared 0.001 0.076 0.026 0.113 N 8322 8317 2181 2180
Control group: students respondents
Smoking Status Daily Cigarettes smoked No Controls Controls1 No Controls Controls1 (13) (14) (15) (16) Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Coeff. P-value2 Diff-in-Diff 0.022 0.28 0.031 0.12
0.42
0.87 R-squared 0.009 0.063 0.037 0.126 N 8948 8941 2191 2190
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❜❛♥ ❤❛❞ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s♠♦❦✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡♥❝❡
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 annee
Employed Retired Inactive Students Non working population
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❆r❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✏✈♦❧✉♥t❛r② ❜❛♥✑ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❄
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❆r❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✏✈♦❧✉♥t❛r② ❜❛♥✑ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❄
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Jan-2007 Feb-2007 Mar-2007 Apr-2007 May-2007 Jun-2007
Month
Whole sample Office work Health Sector Other
Smoking prevalence occupational doctors survey ❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
Whole sample Selected sample4 Not Employed Employed P-value Not Employed Employed P-value % Males 45% 45% 0.72 47% 44% 0.03 Age 43.94 40.95 0.00 48.16 41.85 0.00 % with no degree 24% 12% 0.00 22% 11% 0.00 Daily cigarettes smoked 22.06 20.95 0.00 22.57 21.10 0.00 FTND1 6.02 5.66 0.00 6.16 5.80 0.00 % with AHAD2>=11 45% 38% 0.00 46% 40% 0.00 % with DHAD3>=11 17% 9% 0.00 18% 9% 0.00 % employed 0% 100% . 0% 100% . N 6490 13778 1479 3389
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛♥ ♦♥ ❝❡ss❛t✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♠♣ts
❨ − ❳t ❳ ✇❤❡r❡ ❳t ❂ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ♥♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛♥ ♦♥ ❝❡ss❛t✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♠♣ts
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛♥ ♦♥ ❝❡ss❛t✐♦♥ ❛tt❡♠♣ts
t
t
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ q✉✐ts
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ q✉✐ts
Without controls P-value With controls1 P-value Selection & controls1 P-value (1) (2) (3) DID2 0.099* 0.03 0.090* 0.04 0.091* 0.04 R-squared 0.013 0.184 N3 2215 2149 8007
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ q✉✐ts
Diff in diff P-value N 2004-2005 0.001 0.99 1849 2005-2006
0.19 2070 2006-2007 0.099** 0.03 2215 2007-2008 0.030 0.54 1990
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣s
❈❉❚ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❈❧é♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❈❤❛✐s❡♠❛rt✐♥ ✫ P✐❡rr❡✲❨✈❡s ●❡♦✛❛r❞ ❙♠♦❦✐♥❣ ❇❛♥