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▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❲♦♠❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❲♦r❦ ✐♥ ■♥❞✐❛✿ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ P♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❊r✐♥ ❋❧❡t❝❤❡r✱ ❘♦❤✐♥✐ P❛♥❞❡✱ ❈❤❛r✐t② ❚r♦②❡r ▼♦♦r❡ ■♥❞✐❛ P♦❧✐❝② ❋♦r✉♠ ◆❈❆❊❘ ❏✉❧② ✶✵✱ ✷✵✶✽

●❉P ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ✻✳✹✪✱ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ ●❉P r♦✉❣❤❧② ❤❛❧✈❡❞ ✭❢r♦♠ ✸✸ t♦ ✶✽✪✮ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✷✹ t♦ ✸✶✪✳ ❚♦t❛❧ ❢❡rt✐❧✐t② ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✹✳✵ t♦ ✷✳✺ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♣❡r ✇♦♠❛♥ ✭❚❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❇❛♥❦✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ●✐r❧s✬ ♣r✐♠❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ ❡♥r♦❧❧♠❡♥t r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ♣❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❜♦②s✱ ✭◆❡✛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛❣❡s ✶✺✲✷✹ ❛tt❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✶✻✳✶✪ t♦ ✸✻✪ ✭❑❛♣s♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❙✐♥❝❡ ❡❛r❧② ✾✵✬s✿

❚♦t❛❧ ❢❡rt✐❧✐t② ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✹✳✵ t♦ ✷✳✺ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♣❡r ✇♦♠❛♥ ✭❚❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❇❛♥❦✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ●✐r❧s✬ ♣r✐♠❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ ❡♥r♦❧❧♠❡♥t r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ♣❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❜♦②s✱ ✭◆❡✛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛❣❡s ✶✺✲✷✹ ❛tt❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✶✻✳✶✪ t♦ ✸✻✪ ✭❑❛♣s♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❙✐♥❝❡ ❡❛r❧② ✾✵✬s✿ ◮ ●❉P ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ✻✳✹✪✱ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ ●❉P r♦✉❣❤❧② ❤❛❧✈❡❞ ✭❢r♦♠ ✸✸ t♦ ✶✽✪✮ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✷✹ t♦ ✸✶✪✳

●✐r❧s✬ ♣r✐♠❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ ❡♥r♦❧❧♠❡♥t r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ♣❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❜♦②s✱ ✭◆❡✛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛❣❡s ✶✺✲✷✹ ❛tt❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✶✻✳✶✪ t♦ ✸✻✪ ✭❑❛♣s♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❙✐♥❝❡ ❡❛r❧② ✾✵✬s✿ ◮ ●❉P ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ✻✳✹✪✱ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ ●❉P r♦✉❣❤❧② ❤❛❧✈❡❞ ✭❢r♦♠ ✸✸ t♦ ✶✽✪✮ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✷✹ t♦ ✸✶✪✳ ◮ ❚♦t❛❧ ❢❡rt✐❧✐t② ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✹✳✵ t♦ ✷✳✺ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♣❡r ✇♦♠❛♥ ✭❚❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❇❛♥❦✱ ✷✵✶✹✮

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❙✐♥❝❡ ❡❛r❧② ✾✵✬s✿ ◮ ●❉P ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ✻✳✹✪✱ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ ●❉P r♦✉❣❤❧② ❤❛❧✈❡❞ ✭❢r♦♠ ✸✸ t♦ ✶✽✪✮ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✷✹ t♦ ✸✶✪✳ ◮ ❚♦t❛❧ ❢❡rt✐❧✐t② ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✹✳✵ t♦ ✷✳✺ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♣❡r ✇♦♠❛♥ ✭❚❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❇❛♥❦✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ◮ ●✐r❧s✬ ♣r✐♠❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ ❡♥r♦❧❧♠❡♥t r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ♣❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❜♦②s✱ ✭◆❡✛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛❣❡s ✶✺✲✷✹ ❛tt❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✶✻✳✶✪ t♦ ✸✻✪ ✭❑❛♣s♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❨❡t✱ ❛t ♦♥❧② ✷✼✪✱ ❢❡♠❛❧❡ ❧❛❜♦r ❢♦r❝❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋▲❋P✮ ✐s ❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❋▲❋P ❱❛r✐❡s ●r❡❛t❧② ❜② ❙t❛t❡

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❋▲❋P ❱❛r✐❡s ●r❡❛t❧② ❜② ❙t❛t❡

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❲❤② ❈❛r❡❄ ▼❛❝r♦ ❘❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ◮ ❆❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ❧❛❜♦r ♠✐s❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✭❍s✐❡❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ◮ ❊st❡✈❡✲❱♦❧❛rt ✭✷✵✵✹✮ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t ❛ ✶✵✪ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❡♠❛❧❡✲t♦✲♠❛❧❡ r❛t✐♦ ♦❢ ✇♦r❦❡rs ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♣❡r ❝❛♣✐t❛ ♥❡t ❞♦♠❡st✐❝ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❜② ✽✪

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❲❤② ❈❛r❡❄ ▼✐❝r♦ ❘❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ◮ ❲♦♠❡♥✬s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❡♥❣❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❞❡❧❛②s ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❛rr✐❛❣❡✱ ✜rst ❜✐rt❤ ✭❙✐✈❛s❛♥❦❛r❛♥✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✇♦♠❡♥✬s ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❤✐❧❞ s❝❤♦♦❧✐♥❣ ✭◗✐❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ◮ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ s♣✐❧❧♦✈❡rs ♦❢ ✇♦♠❡♥✬s ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ ♦t❤❡r ❢❛♠✐❧② ♠❡♠❜❡rs ✭❙✐✈❛s❛♥❦❛r❛♥✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❑❛❧s✐✱ ✷✵✶✼✮ ◮ ❊✈❡♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t ❛❝❝❡ss ♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ♠❛r❦❡t ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡s ❢❡♠❛❧❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②s ❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❛rr✐❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤✐❧❞❜❡❛r✐♥❣ ✭❍❡❛t❤ ❛♥❞ ▼♦❜❛r❛❦✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❏❡♥s❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✷✮

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❋▲❋P ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❊♠♣♦✇❡r♠❡♥t ✐♥❞❡① ✉s✐♥❣ ✇♦♠❡♥✬s r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠② ✐♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡s✳ Decision Making Index .2 .15 .1 .05 0 −.05 Primary or Less Secondary Tertiary Not Working Family Worker Self−Employed Waged Work Notes: Includes ever−married women aged 15−49. Source: 2005−2006 NFHS.