Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the PPI:SF and TriPM - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

IAFMHS, Maastricht, June 2013

• Psychopathy and gender: Examining validity of the

PPI:SF and TriPM

Viljoen, S., Cook, A. N., Layden, B. K., Murray, A. A., McGinnis, C. R., & Hart, S. D.

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

BACKGROUND: Psychopathy Measures and Gender

BACKGROUND

• Generalizability of measures of PPD with female

populations? (Nicholls & Petrilla, 2005)

• Developed and validated with male samples
• assumption of generalizability
• Studies have found gender bias in the diagnosis of

personality disorders as well as in the prediction of future violence (Garb et al., 1997; Jane et al. 2007; Skeem et al. 2005).

• Even when studies use mix gender do not usually

separate out the gender so there is the risk that difference will be missed

Department name/presenter name

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

BACKGROUND: Psychopathic Personality Inventory

• Lilienfeld, 2004
• Self-report measure of PPD
• 56-items that yield a total score and Factor 1 & 2
• Eight subscales
• 4-point Likert scale
• False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, and True
• Well validated

Machiavellian egocentricity Social Potency Coldheartedness Carefree nonplanfulness Fearlessness Blame externalization Impulsive nonconformity Stress Immunity

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

BACKGROUND: Triarchic Psychopathy Measure

• Patrick, 2010
• 58 items
• Triarchic conceptual model of psychopathy
• Three concepts measured
• 4-point Likert scale
• True, Somewhat True, Somewhat False, and False
• Research validating the TriPM still in its infancy
• No studies looking at gender in community sample

Boldness Disinhibition Meanness

METHODS

• N = 523
• University undergraduate students
• Part of a larger study:
• Online survey through a secure web server
• Several common measures of PPD and BPD
• This presentation will be looking at the following two

measures:

• PPI:SF; Lilienfeld, 2004

Psychopathic Personality Inventory Short-Form

• TriPM; Patrick, 2010

Triarchic Psychopathy Measure

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHICS

• 40.9% Male
• M age 19.91, SD = 2.11, range 17-37

Race/Ethnicity % identified Asian (Chinese, Japanese, etc.) 46.7 Black (African, Caribbean, etc.) 1.3 Aboriginal /First Nations (Inuit, Métis, etc.) 1.1 South Asian (East Indian, Pakistani, etc.) 18.7 White (Eastern/Western European, etc.) 29.4 South East Asian (Vietnamese, Filipino, etc.) 5.7 Other 4.6

• Note. total does not = 100% because participants could select multiple ethnicities

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Reliability for PPI:SF by Gender

Scale Male Female Total .80 .87 Factor 1 .81 .84 Factor 2 .84 .86 Machiavellian Egocentricity .75 .78 Social Potency .69 .79 Coldheartedness .72 .71 Carefree Nonplanfulness .71 .68 Fearlessness .75 .80 Blame externalization .80 .85 Impulsive nonconformity .68 .76 Stress Immunity .76 .84

• Note. Cronbach’s α reported above

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Reliability for TriPM by Gender

.

Scale Canada Male Female Total .85 .88 Boldness .80 .82 Disinhibition .85 .85 Meaness .85 .86

• Note. Chronbach’s α reported above

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: PPI:SF T-Test

*** *** ***

• Note. *** p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed)

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: TriPM T-Test

*** *** ***

• Note. *** p ≤ 0.001 level (2-tailed)

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Cut-off Scores

Measure Male Female PPI:SF 136 125 TriPM 82 65 Measure Overall Cut Score PPI:SF 132 TriPM 73

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic categorization

PPI:SF Gender <75 quartile >75 quartile Female 227 33 Male 149 62

Χ2 (1) = 28.61, p=0.000

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic categorization

TriPM Gender <75 quartile >75 quartile Female 285 20 Male 154 52

Χ2 (1) = 35.46 p=0.000

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Diagnostic Agreement

PPI:SF TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile <75 quartile 344 41 >75 quartile 42 89

Kappa = .574, p=0.000

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic agreement

Female PPI:SF TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile <75 quartile 204 23 >75 quartile 22 55

Kappa = .610, p=0.000

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

RESULTS: Gender difference in diagnostic agreement

Male PPI:SF TriPM <75 quartile >75 quartile <75 quartile 127 27 >75 quartile 18 33

Kappa = .445, p=0.000

Summary

• Good internal consistency for both genders
• PPI:SF: Total and Factor 1 and Factor 2
• TriPM: Total and all subscales
• Questionable consistency on PPI:SF
• Males; social potency and Impulsive nonconformity
• Females; carefree nonplanfulness
• Females scored significantly lower on
• PPI:SF Total, Factor 1 & Factor 2
• TriPM Total, Boldness, Meaness, and Disinhibition
• Cut-off scores at least 10 points lower for

females on both measures

• More males in the top quartile on both PPI:SF

and TriPm

• Good diagnostic agreement overall & for both

genders

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

Implications for Research and Practice

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology

Research on potential gender difference in PPD Self report measures limited Among first to investigate TriPM in community sample Our findings add to current research Ultimately inform Clinical Practice

Thank you!

Questions/Comments? Contact: sviljoen@sfu.ca

Simone Viljoen | SFU Psychology