Problems of Poverty Less Energy, Low Efficiency, Polluted - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Problems of Poverty Less Energy, Low Efficiency, Polluted - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Problems of Poverty Less Energy, Low Efficiency, Polluted Environment Barun Mitra, Liberty Institute www.libertyindia.org Brussels, 24 November 2004 India on the Energy Map Commercial energy production and per capita, 1999 Country

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Problems of Poverty

Less Energy, Low Efficiency, Polluted Environment

Barun Mitra,

Liberty Institute www.libertyindia.org

Brussels, 24 November 2004

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 2

India on the Energy Map

482 409,788 India 139 14,474 Bangladesh 868 1,056,963 China 8159 1,687,886 USA Commercial energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent) Commercial Energy Production (thousand metric tonnes of oil equivalent ) Country

Commercial energy production and per capita, 1999

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 3

Energy in India

5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

  • Sl. No.

437.69 305.19 208.30 147.05 Total primary energy supply (3+4) 139.02 122.07 108.48 86.72 Primary non- commercial energy supply 298.67 183.12 99.82 60.33 Total commercial energy supply (1+3) 87.85 31.69 24.63 12.66 Net imports 210.83 151.43 75.19 47.67 Commercial energy production 2001-02 1990-91 1980-81 1970-71 Source of Energy

Unit: million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE)

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 4

Problems of Poverty

Low energy consumption Low energy efficiency Higher energy dependence High energy intensity Higher environmental stress Dirty environment Higher Impact on health Lower adaptability Greater vulnerability to natural calamity

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 5

Indoor air pollution

Traditional Fuel, 72.33% LPG, 17.50% Others, 9.66% Electricity, 0.18%

Rural Kitchen

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 6

Lighting Indian Homes

Electricity, 55.85% Kerosene, 43.30% Others, 0.85%

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 7

Indoor air pollution – the toll

410000-790000* Grand total: 50000-190000 Cardiovascular disease-women asthma 50000-130000 Blindness-women (not death) and prenatal effects Tuberculosis on women 310000-470000 Acute respiratory infections-Age less than 5 years, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

  • No. of deaths

Causes

*Total annual deaths in India for women and children under 5 in these disease categories in the early 1990s.

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 8

Fuel Index

0.05 Electricity 0.04 Biogas 0.05 Liquid Petroleum Gas 0.08 Kerosene 0.31 Charcoal 0.46 Coal 0.82 Fuel wood 0.96 Crop residue 0.97 Saw dust 1.00 Dung Weight Fuel type

  • 90% of households in small villages rely
  • n fuels like firewood, animal dung and

crop residue

  • 88% of rural women population used

these fuels for their daily cooking.

The more convenient, efficient and cleaner the fuel, less is its

  • weight. Since animal dung lies at lowest end, the other fuels are

weighed with respect to dung. (Parekh, et al, 2003)

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 9

Restricted economy, Greater vulnerability

Taxes and Tariffs reduce consumption

and competitiveness and efficiency

Poor are most vulnerability to natural

calamity

Lighting – Bulbs to CFLs – taxes, tariff, procurement policy Automobile – 180% import duty, 50% taxes, Fuel – 30-40% taxes on petroleum product Refrigerator – CFC and frost free, energy efficient, but … Floods – annually 1000s die in South Asia, in Florida toll

ranges in 10s

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Income, Energy and Efficiency

Low income group countries 3% High income group countries 80% Middle income group countries 17% Share of commerial energy

Middle income group countries 36% Low income group countries 13% High income group countries 51%

Share of World Income

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 11

Declining significance of Energy

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Kenya India China Thailand Malaysia World Mexico Canada Netherland Germany United Kingdom Denmark USA Japan Value of energy as % of GDP,1980 Value of energy as % of GDP,1998

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Poverty Kills Today

Debate on global warming, shifts focus from

problems of today to ‘day after tomorrow’

Concerns about sea level rise in future, but

thousands die each year due to floods today

Millions die today from preventable diseases

  • f poverty, but focus is on diseases of the

future

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Liberty Institute, New Delhi 13

Price of Oil – 1861 to 2001

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Current US Dollar 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 Constant US Dollar 2002 $ 2002 $ money of the day

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US Energy Intensity

20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year GDP in 10 billion USD (2000) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Energy in 100 BTU per USD (2000)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Petroleum and Natural Gas Consumption per Dollar of GDP Other Energy Consumption per Dollar of GDP Energy Consumption per Dollar of GDP

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Energy Abundance

Higher energy consumption Higher energy efficiency Lower dependence on energy resources Lower energy intensity Lower environmental stress Cleaner environment Lower impact on health Higher adaptability Lower vulnerability to natural calamity

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Conservation through Consumption

Development is the Key that unlocks

the potential of increased consumption

Economic freedom creates the

competitive environment for harnessing human creativity leading to efficiency gains