Climate Change and the Woodfuel Nexus Elizabeth M. Remedio University of San Carlos Cebu City, Philippines
Climate Change and the Woodfuel Nexus
Focus 1. What can woodfuels do to mitigate climate change? 2. Why has it taken too long to streamline policy development in wood energy? 3. What is the Cebu case study? 4. Way forward
What is Climate Change? • Climate Change (CC) is change in long term global average temperature and rainfall. • Climate Variability (CLIVAR) is change in periodicity of temperature and rainfall. • Global warming leads to Climate Change and enhances Climate Variability
GLOBAL WARMING IS DUE TO THE ABNORMAL INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT TRAP HEAT
6
Climate change involves a complex interaction between climatic, environmental, political, institutional, social, and technological processes. I t cannot be addressed or understood in isolation.
Causes of Climate Change • Natural processes – e.g. volcanic eruptions • Anthropogenic activities - Greenhouse gases emissions - Population increase - Land use and cover change - I ndustrialization - Technological innovations - Production systems Wednesday, October 17, 2012
Global Earth Polluters
RESPONSES TO CLI MATE CHANGE (Adaptation and Mitigation are fundamental in CC debate) “ No Regrets Approach “ Adaptation Adaptation Mitigation 10
Many ways of mitigating CC 1. Reducing demand for emissions intensive goods and services; 2. I ncreasing efficiency gains; 3. I ncreasing use & development of low carbon technologies; 4. Reducing non-fossil fuel emissions.
But, at the heart of proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through reducing energy use and switching to cleaner energy sources.
Demand side fuel switching strategies to reduce carbon emissions is to use BI OENERGY: - Residential - I ndustrial - Transport energy demands Many developing countries have successfully pursued such options. QUESTI ON: WHAT I S THE POTENTI AL OF WF TO REPLACE FOSSI L FUELS?
Sources of Definitions: FAO - UBET (2005) Unified Bioenergy Terminology I EA – Task 29 (Socioeconomics of BE)
BIOMASS - MATERIAL OF RECENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN. EX. TREES, CROPS, AGRL RESIDUES, FOREST-BY-PRODUCTS OTHER PLANTS, WASTES. BIOENERGY – ALL ENERGY FORMS DERIVED FROM ORGANIC FUELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN. EX. PURPOSELY GROWN ENERGY CROPS, MULTI-PURPOSE PLANTATIONS AND BY-PRODUCTS (SOLID, LIQUID, GAS) WOOD IS THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOENERGY EX. WOOD FUEL (FUELWOOD AND CHARCOAL) BIOENERGY HAS MANY END USES: COOKING FUEL, HEATING, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, OTHERS.
TYPES AND FORMS OF BIOMASS TYPES: FORMS: • WOODY (direct woodfuels) • SOLID • NON-WOODY (indirect • LIQUID woodfuels) • GAS • OTHER ORGANIC WASTE MATERIAL • (recovered woodfuels)
EXAMPLES OF WOODY BIOMASS 1. Forest Residues (prunings, thinnings, leftovers) 2. Woodfuel (fuelwood, charcoal) 3. Wood wastes (barks, sawdust, black liquor)
EXAMPLES OF NON-WOODY BIOMASS • Short Rotation Crops (Willow, Eucalyptus) • Urban biomass (tree trimmings, municipal waste, domestic waste, garden waste, others)
OTHER ORGANIC WASTE MATERIAL • Animal waste: chicken/hogs/ others • Sewage sludge: municipal and domestic sewage systems
Wood Energy has multiple Most Common End Uses: form of Bioenergy Household Cooking Fuel is WOOD ENERGY Heating from Woodfuel Feedstock Industrial Uses Electricity Generation
Quick look at Bioenergy (and WF) • WF is the dominant household fuel among 2 billion people in the developing world; • WF, particularly fuelwood and charcoal currently provide 14% of the world’s Total Primary Energy; • The trend is expected to continue in many years to come; • I n DC, biofuels provide 1/ 3 of total energy; • Some countries in Africa, as much as 80% comes BF; • FW and charcoal are the most common types of BF; • They are vital to the nutrition to poor rural and urban households in DC;
Quick look at Bioenergy (and WF) • Aside from household cooking and heating, WF or BE is also essential to food processing, brewing, curing, producing electricity, and other industries. • Among developed countries, wood is increasingly used as a substitute for fossil fuel (heat and power generation) as it can help reduce GHG emissions. [Note: source of 2 photos below is FAO, 2010 Criteria and I ndicators for Sustainable WF)
The current global energy system is dominated by fossil fuels (IPCC Report 2008) Shares of energy sources in total global primary energy supply in 2008
Growing market for modern, efficient bioenergy in that uses wood in the form of: - Pellets - Residues - Various types of dedicated feedstock supplies (medium to large scale co-generation plants)
Carbon Sequestration~Carbon Substitution
Touted to be Carbon Neutral Adapted from IEA Task 31: Richardson (Brazil 2002)
Woodfuels (BE) holds a promise in mitigating CC Way of Life Non-fossil fuel based Carbon neutral Environmental Benefits Source of I ncome Job Creation Employment Generation I nformal Sector Activity Help reduce GHG emissions Renewable Energy security
Woodfuels (BE) I ssues Traditional the issue of efficiency and impacts of the traditional biomass sector particularly in the regions of South Asia and Africa; the uncertainty of actual emission savings vis-à-vis improvements in traditional biomass use;
Woodfuels (BE) I ssues the need for more demonstration at commercial scales the use of more advanced technologies that utilize wood more efficiently; the call for a more coordinated testing and evaluation of implementing woodfuel programmes and projects; the need for policies and institutionalization of incentives that can facilitate a comprehensive management of forests for multiple purposes such as carbon sequestration, fuel, shelter, recreation, and industrial products.
What is the Cebu Case Study?
What is the Cebu case study? March 2003 July 1993 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PATTERNS OF COMMERCIAL WOODFUEL IMPACTS OF WOODFUEL CONSUMPTION AND SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION AND USE IN THE CITY PRODUDCTION: A CASE STUDY OF CEBU AND PROVINCE OF CEBU, PHILIPPINES PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES BY BY ELIZABETH M. REMEDIO and ELIZABETH M. REMEDIO and TERRENCE G. BENSEL TERRENCE G. BENSEL
THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO
CEBU, Philippines • Philippine population 97M (2010) • HDI = .632 • Cebu population approx. 4M (2010) – Second to Manila in terms of progress and economic development and urbanization
DESPITE RAPID URBANIZATION, PHILIPPINES IS STILL BASICALLY AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY
The Island of Cebu • World Bank 1989 estimates of Cebu’s land use patterns revealed that the province was 99.6% deforested; • Ahern 1901 reported that the island was already 94% deforested and suffering from serious soil erosion way back in 1870; • Yet studies have shown that many residents in the island have remained dependent on woodfuel and other biomass fuels for their cooking needs and the commercial woodfuel trade continues to flourish.
PRIMARY COOKING FUELS 1960-2002
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FUELS 1992/2002
PRIMARY/SECONDARY FUELS VS. INCOME - 2002 INCOME CATEGORY FUEL TYPE Less than P5,000 – P10,000- P20,000- Over Total P5,000 9,999 19,999 49,999 P50,000 FUELWOOD 50.8 27.9 16.7 0.0 14.3 36.7 CHARCOAL 61.6 80.2 56.3 77.8 71.4 67.3 KEROSENE 39.5 36.0 12.5 11.1 14.3 33.2 LPG 36.4 64.9 87.5 94.4 71.4 54.6 ELECTRICITY 12.8 34.2 31.3 72.2 42.9 24.8 OTHERS 18.5 16.2 14.6 0.0 0.0 16.1 TOTAL --- --- --- --- --- ---
REASONS FOR USING CERTAIN FUELS – 2002 Summary of primary reasons for using certain fuels, Cebu City, 2002 TYPE OF FUEL PRIMARY REASONS FOR USE Fuelwood Economical, taste, good backup for LPG Charcoal Best for barbecue/roasting, taste, clean Kerosene Economical, cooks fast LPG Convenience, time savings, clean Electricity Convenience, time savings, clean
FUEL SWITCHING TRENDS 1992/2002 TYPE OF SWITCH 1992 2002 FUELWOOD TO KEROSENE 34.5 9.6 KEROSENE TO LPG 15.0 34.6 KEROSENE TO FUELWOOD 13.3 13.5 FUELWOOD TO LPG 8.0 13.5 LPG TO KEROSENE 7.1 9.6 CHARCOAL TO LPG 5.3 - KEROSENE TO CHARCOAL 4.4 3.8 CHARCOAL TO KEROSENE 2.6 1.9 FUELWOOD TO CHARCOAL 1.8 1.9 LPG TO FUELWOOD 1.8 3.8 LPG TO CHARCOAL 1.8 3.8 LPG TO ELECTRICITY - 3.8 OTHERS 4.4 - TOTAL 100.0 100.0
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL USES • RESTAURANTS • EATERIES • BAKERIES • LECHON VENDORS • POSO MAKERS • INSTITUTIONS: HOSPITALS, PRISONS, SCHOOLS • INDUSTRIES: NOODLE, RATTAN FURNITURE, FASHION ACCESSORIES, BLACKSMITH, FOUNDRIES (IRON SMELTING), OTHERS
WOODFUEL TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION FLOW Wood Coppice Lands Agroforested Lands Woodlots/Tree Brushlands/Scrublands Plantations Rural Traders Direct to Urban Direct to Urban Consumers and Traders Consumers and Traders Transportation Retailers Wholesalers Commercial / Industrial Households Establishments Major Trade Minor Trade
Recommend
More recommend
