Climate Change and the Woodfuel Nexus Elizabeth M. Remedio - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Climate Change and the Woodfuel Nexus

Elizabeth M. Remedio University of San Carlos Cebu City, Philippines

Climate Change and the Woodfuel Nexus

Focus

• 1. What can woodfuels do to mitigate climate

change?

• 2. Why has it taken too long to streamline policy

development in wood energy?

• 3. What is the Cebu case study?
• 4. Way forward

What is Climate Change?

• Climate Change (CC) is change in long term

global average temperature and rainfall.

• Climate Variability (CLIVAR) is change in

periodicity of temperature and rainfall.

• Global warming leads to Climate Change and

enhances Climate Variability

GLOBAL WARMING IS DUE TO THE ABNORMAL INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT TRAP HEAT

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Climate change involves a complex interaction between climatic, environmental, political, institutional, social, and technological processes. I t cannot be addressed or understood in isolation.

Wednesday, October 17, 2012

Causes of Climate Change

• Natural processes –

e.g. volcanic eruptions

• Anthropogenic activities
• Greenhouse gases emissions
• Population increase
• Land use and cover change
• I ndustrialization
• Technological innovations
• Production systems

Global Earth Polluters

RESPONSES TO CLI MATE CHANGE (Adaptation and Mitigation are fundamental in CC debate)

Adaptation Mitigation Adaptation

“ No Regrets Approach “

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Many ways of mitigating CC

• 1. Reducing demand for emissions intensive goods

and services;

• 2. I ncreasing efficiency gains;
• 3. I ncreasing use & development of low carbon

technologies;

• 4. Reducing non-fossil fuel emissions.

But, at the heart of proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through reducing energy use and switching to cleaner energy sources.

Demand side fuel switching strategies to

reduce carbon emissions is to use BI OENERGY:

• Residential
• I ndustrial
• Transport energy demands

Many developing countries have successfully pursued such options. QUESTI ON: WHAT I S THE POTENTI AL OF WF TO REPLACE FOSSI L FUELS?

Sources of Definitions: FAO - UBET (2005) Unified Bioenergy Terminology I EA – Task 29 (Socioeconomics of BE)

BIOMASS - MATERIAL OF RECENT BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN.

• EX. TREES, CROPS, AGRL RESIDUES, FOREST-BY-PRODUCTS

OTHER PLANTS, WASTES. BIOENERGY – ALL ENERGY FORMS DERIVED FROM ORGANIC FUELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN.

• EX. PURPOSELY GROWN ENERGY CROPS, MULTI-PURPOSE

PLANTATIONS AND BY-PRODUCTS (SOLID, LIQUID, GAS) WOOD IS THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOENERGY

• EX. WOOD FUEL (FUELWOOD AND CHARCOAL)

BIOENERGY HAS MANY END USES: COOKING FUEL, HEATING, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, OTHERS.

TYPES AND FORMS OF BIOMASS

TYPES:

• WOODY (direct woodfuels)
• NON-WOODY (indirect

woodfuels)

• OTHER ORGANIC WASTE

MATERIAL

• (recovered woodfuels)

FORMS:

• SOLID
• LIQUID
• GAS

EXAMPLES OF WOODY BIOMASS

• 1. Forest Residues (prunings, thinnings, leftovers)
• 2. Woodfuel (fuelwood, charcoal)
• 3. Wood wastes (barks, sawdust, black liquor)

EXAMPLES OF NON-WOODY BIOMASS

• Short Rotation Crops (Willow, Eucalyptus)
• Urban biomass (tree trimmings, municipal waste,

domestic waste, garden waste, others)

OTHER ORGANIC WASTE MATERIAL

• Animal waste:

chicken/hogs/

• thers
• Sewage sludge:

municipal and domestic sewage systems

Most Common form of Bioenergy is WOOD ENERGY from Woodfuel

Wood Energy has multiple End Uses: Household Cooking Fuel Heating Feedstock Industrial Uses Electricity Generation

Quick look at Bioenergy (and WF)

• WF is the dominant household fuel among 2 billion people

in the developing world;

• WF, particularly fuelwood and charcoal currently provide

14% of the world’s Total Primary Energy;

• The trend is expected to continue in many years to come;
• I n DC, biofuels provide 1/ 3 of total energy;
• Some countries in Africa, as much as 80% comes BF;
• FW and charcoal are the most common types of BF;
• They are vital to the nutrition to poor rural and urban

households in DC;

Quick look at Bioenergy (and WF)

• Aside from household cooking and heating, WF or BE

is also essential to food processing, brewing, curing, producing electricity, and other industries.

• Among developed countries, wood is increasingly

used as a substitute for fossil fuel (heat and power generation) as it can help reduce GHG emissions. [Note: source of 2 photos below is FAO, 2010 Criteria and I ndicators for Sustainable WF)

The current global energy system is dominated by fossil fuels (IPCC Report 2008)

Shares of energy sources in total global primary energy supply in 2008

Growing market for modern, efficient bioenergy in that uses wood in the form of:

• Pellets
• Residues
• Various types of dedicated feedstock

supplies (medium to large scale co-generation plants)

Carbon Sequestration~Carbon Substitution

Touted to be Carbon Neutral

Adapted from IEA Task 31: Richardson (Brazil 2002)

Woodfuels (BE) holds a promise in mitigating CC

Way of Life Non-fossil fuel based Carbon neutral Environmental Benefits Source of I ncome Job Creation Employment Generation I nformal Sector Activity Help reduce GHG emissions Renewable Energy security

Woodfuels (BE) I ssues

Traditional the issue of efficiency and impacts of the traditional biomass sector particularly in the regions

• f South Asia and Africa;

the uncertainty of actual emission savings vis-à-vis improvements in traditional biomass use;

Woodfuels (BE) I ssues

the need for more demonstration at commercial scales the use of more advanced technologies that utilize wood more efficiently; the call for a more coordinated testing and evaluation of implementing woodfuel programmes and projects; the need for policies and institutionalization of incentives that can facilitate a comprehensive management of forests for multiple purposes such as carbon sequestration, fuel, shelter, recreation, and industrial products.

What is the Cebu Case Study?

What is the Cebu case study?

July 1993 PATTERNS OF COMMERCIAL WOODFUEL SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION AND USE IN THE CITY AND PROVINCE OF CEBU, PHILIPPINES BY ELIZABETH M. REMEDIO and TERRENCE G. BENSEL March 2003 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF WOODFUEL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUDCTION: A CASE STUDY OF CEBU PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES BY ELIZABETH M. REMEDIO and TERRENCE G. BENSEL

THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO

CEBU, Philippines

• Philippine population 97M (2010)
• HDI = .632
• Cebu population approx. 4M (2010)

– Second to Manila in terms of progress and economic development and urbanization

DESPITE RAPID URBANIZATION, PHILIPPINES IS STILL BASICALLY AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY

The Island of Cebu

• World Bank 1989 estimates of Cebu’s land use

patterns revealed that the province was 99.6% deforested;

• Ahern 1901 reported that the island was already

94% deforested and suffering from serious soil erosion way back in 1870;

• Yet studies have shown that many residents in

the island have remained dependent on woodfuel and other biomass fuels for their cooking needs and the commercial woodfuel trade continues to flourish.

PRIMARY COOKING FUELS 1960-2002

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FUELS 1992/2002

PRIMARY/SECONDARY FUELS VS. INCOME - 2002

FUEL TYPE INCOME CATEGORY Less than P5,000 P5,000 – 9,999 P10,000- 19,999 P20,000- 49,999 Over P50,000 Total FUELWOOD 50.8 27.9 16.7 0.0 14.3 36.7 CHARCOAL 61.6 80.2 56.3 77.8 71.4 67.3 KEROSENE 39.5 36.0 12.5 11.1 14.3 33.2 LPG 36.4 64.9 87.5 94.4 71.4 54.6 ELECTRICITY 12.8 34.2 31.3 72.2 42.9 24.8 OTHERS 18.5 16.2 14.6 0.0 0.0 16.1 TOTAL

REASONS FOR USING CERTAIN FUELS – 2002

Summary of primary reasons for using certain fuels, Cebu City, 2002

TYPE OF FUEL PRIMARY REASONS FOR USE

Fuelwood Economical, taste, good backup for LPG Charcoal Best for barbecue/roasting, taste, clean Kerosene Economical, cooks fast LPG Convenience, time savings, clean Electricity Convenience, time savings, clean

FUEL SWITCHING TRENDS 1992/2002

TYPE OF SWITCH 1992 2002 FUELWOOD TO KEROSENE 34.5 9.6 KEROSENE TO LPG 15.0 34.6 KEROSENE TO FUELWOOD 13.3 13.5 FUELWOOD TO LPG 8.0 13.5 LPG TO KEROSENE 7.1 9.6 CHARCOAL TO LPG 5.3

• KEROSENE TO CHARCOAL

4.4 3.8 CHARCOAL TO KEROSENE 2.6 1.9 FUELWOOD TO CHARCOAL 1.8 1.9 LPG TO FUELWOOD 1.8 3.8 LPG TO CHARCOAL 1.8 3.8 LPG TO ELECTRICITY

• 3.8

OTHERS 4.4

• TOTAL

100.0 100.0

COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL USES

• RESTAURANTS
• EATERIES
• BAKERIES
• LECHON VENDORS
• POSO MAKERS
• INSTITUTIONS: HOSPITALS, PRISONS, SCHOOLS
• INDUSTRIES: NOODLE, RATTAN FURNITURE,

FASHION ACCESSORIES, BLACKSMITH, FOUNDRIES (IRON SMELTING), OTHERS

WOODFUEL TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION FLOW

Wood Coppice Lands Agroforested Lands Brushlands/Scrublands Direct to Urban Consumers and Traders Retailers Households Woodlots/Tree Plantations Wholesalers Commercial / Industrial Establishments Direct to Urban Consumers and Traders Rural Traders Transportation

Major Trade Minor Trade

WOODFUEL TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION FLOW

THE CASE OF CEBU: WOODFUEL TRADE PROVIDED JOBS AND INCOMES TO MORE THAN 35,000 HOUSEHOLDS IN 1992, LOCAL ECONOMY SAVED UP TO US$12M FROM THE USE OF WOODFUELS INSTEAD OF IMPORTING FOSSIL-BASED FUELS

Fuelwood bundles left along the roadside by woodcutters for pickup by rural woodfuel traders, Barangay Tabionan, San Fernando, Cebu.

TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES

Charcoal sacks stockpiled at the home of rural woodfuel trader, Barangay Guindarohan, Minglanilla, Cebu.

TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES

BUT W HER ERE E DO ALL THESE SE W OODFUELS COME FROM?

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Woodfuel coppice lands in the central Cebu barangay of Pulangbato and

• Budlaan. The steeper slopes to the right are covered mainly in Gliricidia and
• Leucaena. Note the recent coppice clearing at the lower-center of the image, and

smoke rising from the charcoal pit utilizing wood from this coppice.

Woodfuel Coppice Lands (Tree/Shrub Fallows)

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Recently cleared coppice of Gliricidia and Leucaena, Barangay Binaliw, Cebu City. Note the smaller branches left on the slope and the rapid regrowth of the coppiced stumps just five weeks after harvest.

Tree/Shrub Fallows

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Private tree plantation, Barangay Cagay, Sibonga, Cebu.

Woodlots, Tree Plantations and Reforestation Sites

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Mixed land use area, including private tree plantings, Barangay Pulangbato, Cebu City.

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Agroforestry Systems, Fruit Trees and Scattered Trees

Mango trees mixed with bamboo and shrubs, Barangay Kalunasan, Cebu City.

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Shrubland/Brushland Areas Coconut fronds or palwa piled for drying, Borbon, Cebu.

Charcoal maker using an underground (tinabonan) approach Barangay Pamutan, Cebu City

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Charcoal maker using an aboveground (ham-ak) approach, Barangay Sinsin, Cebu City

PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Cebu Case Study Conclusions

• 1. Despite urbanization, bioenergy will remain to

be used by majority of Filipino households;

• 2. Woodfuel will continue to be used because of

its affordability, available for free, taste preference and for backup purposes even if LGP is now the main cooking fuel;

Cebu Case Study Conclusions

• 3. Household income is the main determinant of

household cooking fuel choices;

• 4. Woodfuel coppice lands and tree fallows are

the main source of commercial fuelwood and charcoal production;

• 5. . Increase effort in improving efficiency of

charcoal conversion technology.

Way Forward

• Recognize the important role of bioenergy

and woodfuels in mitigating climate change;

• I mprove data management particularly

among poor developing countries;

• Provide policy development that leads

towards addressing the issues of cost, technology, SE concerns, demonstration of successful WF, BE projects.

Way Forward

• Most important of all, find a funding

sponsor for our 3rd round of woodfuel study so that we can have a 2013 update after the 2003 and 1993 publications.

Thank you for listening!